SuperCities

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(No Transcript)
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Superconductivity
National Energy SuperGrid Workshop Crowne Plaza
Cabana Palo Alto Hotel Palo Alto, California,
November 6-8, 2002

• Paul M. Grant
• Science Fellow
• SST
• pgrant_at_epri.com
• Electric Power Research Institute
• Palo Alto, California USA

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Fathers of Cryogenics
CH4 112 K O 90 N2 77 Ne 27 H2 20 He
4.2
Dewar
Kammerlingh-Onnes
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1911 A Big Surprise!
Thus the mercury at 4.2 K has entered a new
state, which, owing to its particular electrical
properties, can be called the state of
superconductivity H. Kamerlingh-Onnes (1911)
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1967 SC Cable Proposed!
100 GW dc, 1000 km !
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Brookhaven LTS ac Cable 1975-86

• Technical Success
• Economics Unclear

135 kV, 1000 MVA, 3?????? m Nb3Sn, 7-9 K
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1986 Another Big Surprise!
200
150
Temperature, TC (K)
100
50

Low-TC
V3Si
Hg
0
1980
2000
1900
1920
1940
1960
Year
8
1987 The Prize!
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March 3, 1987 123 StructureIBM Almaden
Research Center
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Woodstock of Physics NYC, 1987
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The Great Communicator
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HTS Layered Perovskites
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TC vs. Year 1911 - 1999
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Nature, 1 March 2001
How was it ever missed!
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Maybe It Wasnt!
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Type II Superconductivity
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Abrikosov Vortex Lattice
H
J
FLorentz
Type II Superconductor in the Mixed State
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HTSC Wire Can Be Made!

The Miracle of 1989
But its 70 silver!
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Coated ConductorsGeneration II Wire

• Biaxially Oriented Y-123
• Out of Japan, LANL, ORNL
• DOE/Industry Alliance to Commercialize

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LANLs Finest
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Nature, 31 May 2001
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Cheap MgB2 Wire Here Now!
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WTD Cable Breakaway
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Finished Cable
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Cold Dielectric Cable
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HTS Cables Theyre Here!
12,400 Volts 1,250 Amps 3 Phase
Southwire Cable Plant Carrolton, Ga.
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HTSC Cable Projects Worldwide
Pirelli
50m/115kV/2kA EPRI
130m/24kV/2.5kA 3ph Frisbie
900m/66kV/0.7kA 3ph LIPA
50m/225kV/2.6kA/3ph
Southwire
300m/15kV/3ph AEP
30m/12.5kV/2.6kA/3ph
IGC
400m/35kV/3ph Albany
NKT
30m/60kV/3kA/3ph COP
SEI/TEPCO
100m/66kV/1kA/3ph
30m/66kV/1kA proto
Japanese National Program?
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The Energy Pipeline
50,000 Vdc 100,000 A 10 GW
Electrical Insulation
Liquid H2 _at_ 21 K
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Energy Intensity Factoids
Grant Household Power Requirements
Does not include 3 automobiles!
Peak Power for 250,000 GHEs Electrical 1000
MW Thermal 2000 MW
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Hydrogen Factoids

• 0.025 /kWh Electricity -gt 0.22 /kWh Hydrogen
• Hydrogen flowing _at_ 1 m/s -gt 0.6 MW/cm2
• Delivering 2000 MW Hydrogen -gt 67 cm dia pipe
• Electricity via superconductivity is essentially
  free!
• To power all cars in the US with hydrogen would
  require expropriating all present electric power
  generated in the US
• German studies show water emissions from powering
  all cars with hydrogen could cause changes in
  microclimate.

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Small Scale Demonstration
Nexans LH2 Transfer Line
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Regional System Interconnections
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Issues (Superconductivity)

• Wire Cost Performance
• Gen I (BSCCO/Ag) 50 /kAm
• Gen II (Y123 CC) 10
• MgB2 2
• NBTi 0.90
• Length
• Gen I (BSCCO/Ag) gt 1000 m
• Gen II (Y123 CC) 10
• MgB2 gt 100
• NBTi gt 1000
• Joints Splices
• HTSC TBD

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Issues (Cryogenic Vacuum)

• Cryoplants Cost Performance
• Liquid or Gas?
• ECE 0.20 Tcold /(Tsink Tcold )
• Cryo-unit Cost 5/W Rating
• Vacuum
• Continuously pumped, periodic or sealed?
• Distance between ports
• Gettering materials

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Issues (Cable Design/Power Control)

• Cable
• Parallel vs. Coaxial
• Flexible vs. Rigid
• Power
• Balance between Voltage Current
• dc vs. ac
• ac Losses (ripple factor)

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Where there is no vision, the people perish
Proverbs
2918
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You cant always get what you want
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you get what you need!
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Prologue The Two Energy Lemmas

• Any discussion of the application of energy
  technology must involve, from the very start, an
  explicit social and political scenario
• The unique aspect of energy as a life-sustaining
  necessity separates it from the jurisdiction of
  many of the usual laws of economics

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Models of Electrical Conductivity
The First Idea
(
(
(
R
(
(
(
Just Goes to Zero!
(
(
(


e-
(
(
(
e-
T
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Models of Electrical Conductivity
The Most Popular
e-
R
Freezes Out!
T
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Models of Electrical Conductivity
Reality
R
Limited by Impurities!
?

e-
T
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Physics of Superconductivity
Electrons Pair Off!
BCS Equation



e-



e-
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INFM-GenovaNi-Sheathed MgB2 Tape
4?105
4.2 K
A/cm2
4?104
4?103
Ex-Situ Sintered
Tape dimensions 3.5 mm x 0.35 mm Filling factor
20 Treated at 900C for 2 hours in Ar
Asc 2.5?10-3 cm2
INFM-Genova, G. Grasso, A. Malagoli, V. Braccini,
S. Roncallo, and A.S. Siri, Italy
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HTS Power Transmission Cable Configurations

• Three separate coaxial HTS phases has been
  demonstrated by Southwire.
• Cold-dielectric with an HTS shield makes it
  possible to use a triad layout (100-m, Japan).
• A concentric tri-axial cable will require only
  half the amount of HTS tape and will be more
  compact.
• The cryogenic surface area and thermal losses
  will also be reduced.

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ORNL 1.5 m Triaxial Cable

• A prototype tri-axial cable was fabricated to
  evaluate its superconducting properties.
• Each phase consists of two layers of BSCCO-2223
  HTS tapes.
• A G-10 insert with thermocouples attached was
  used for the purpose of a calorimetric
  measurement of the AC losses in the cable.

ELECTRICAL TESTS OF A TRIAXIAL HTS CABLE
PROTOTYPE  J. W. Lue, J. A. Demko, J. C. Tolbert,
U. K. Sinha, R. Grabovickic, G. C. Barber, M. J.
Gouge, D. Lindsay, and R. L. Hughey, presented
at CEC/ICMC 2001, to be published in Advances in
Cryogenic Engineering.