Chapter 9 Expansion Leads to Conflict

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Chapter 9 Expansion Leads to Conflict
Section Notes
Video
Expansion Leads to Conflict
Manifest Destiny Texas Independence War with
Mexico
Maps
American Trails West Oregon Divided Texas
Revolution The Mexican-American War
History Close-up
The Battle of San Jacinto
Quick Facts
Images
Causes and Effects of the Mexican-American
War Visual Summary Expansion Leads to Conflict
A Day on the Trail The Long Tom Romanticizing
Native American Life From Republic to State
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Manifest Destiny

• Main Idea
• Americans in large numbers followed trails to the
  West in the 1840s and 1850s.
• Reading Focus
• Why did Americans head west?
• What were the major western trails?
• How did the gold rush affect California?
• What were some major effects of westward
  migration?

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Americans Head West
Americans believed in manifest destiny, the idea
that the nation had a God-given right to all of
North America.

• Few gave thought to how manifest destiny would
  affect native peoples.
• Mountain men went west to trap and trade.
• Missionaries hoped to convert Native Americans to
  Christianity.

• Lumberjacks and miners went to capitalize on
  timber and minerals.
• Farmers moved west to farm vast, rich lands.
• Entrepreneurs made their way to California.

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Major Western Trails
The first major western trail was the Santa Fe
Trail, which stretched 800 miles from
Independence, Missouri, to the town of Santa Fe,
the capital of Spanish New Mexico. It began as a
trade route.
Santa Fe Trail
The 2,000-mile Oregon Trail stretched from
Independence, Missouri, to the rich farming lands
of the Willamette Valley in Oregon. It was used
by Native Americans, Lewis and Clark, fur traders
and mountain men, and finally migrants.
Oregon Trail
Between 1847 and 1853, some 16,000 Mormons
migrated west following the 1,300-mile route that
became known as the Mormon Trail. It ran from
Nauvoo, Illinois, to Salt Lake City in
present-day Utah.
Mormon Trail
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News from Sutters Mill
In 1848 gold was discovered in the American River
at John Sutters sawmill in northern California.
When the news reached the United States, most
considered it a rumor.
President James K. Polk announced the gold
discovery in his State of the Union address on
December 5, 1848. Newspapers across the country
carried the story, and thousands of Americans
caught gold fever.
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The Gold Rush

• California gold
• The gold rush was a mass migration of miners and
  people who made money off the miners to
  California.
• The migrants who left for California in 1849 were
  called forty-niners.
• Golden dreams brought people from around the
  world, but 80 percent of them came from the
  United States.

• Getting there
• By land following the California Trail
• Sailing around the southern tip of South America
  or south to Panama, crossing Central America by
  mule train, and then sailing north to California
• By 1854 as many as 300,000 people had migrated to
  California.

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Booming cities

• When most miners reached California, they moved
  into mining camps in the gold fields.
• Many othersespecially businesspeoplesettled in
  cities.
• San Francisco, the port nearest the gold fields,
  grew from 800 people in 1848 to some 25,000 the
  next year.
• Stockton and Sacramento also grew rapidly during
  the gold rush.

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Major Effects of Westward Migration

• The Oregon Treaty
• Presidential candidate James K. Polk campaigned
  in 1844 on the promise of securing the Oregon
  Country for the United States even if it meant
  war.
• The United States and Britain had jointly
  controlled Oregon since 1818.
• Polk won, but made a treaty with Britain, setting
  the boundary between the United States and
  British Canada at the 49th parallel.

• Communication Links
• Westward migration also led to the need for
  business, government, and personal communication
  over long distances.
• Butterfield stagecoaches carried passengers and
  mail between St. Louis and San Francisco on a
  two-week trip.
• Pony Express mail service used relays of young
  riders on fast horses between Missouri and
  California.

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Texas Independence

• The Main Idea
• American settlers in Texas revolted against the
  Mexican government and created the independent
  Republic of Texas.
• Reading Focus
• What system did the Spanish use to settle Texas?
• How did Americans begin to move into Texas?
• What were the causes and effects of the Texas
  Revolution?

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The Spanish Settle Texas
The original inhabitants were Native Americans,
living in Texas for thousands of years.
The Spanish explorers were the first Europeans to
visit Texas, crossing it several times during the
1500s. Spain claimed Texas based on these
explorations. Finding little wealth in the
region, they made no attempt to settle.
In 1689, the Spanish discovered the ruins of a
French fort built on the coast that had been
destroyed by local Indians. Alarmed that the
French would try to claim the land, the Spanish
came up with a plan to settle Texas.
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The Spanish Settle Texas

• The mission system
• The Spanish attempted to settle Texas by building
  missions, small settlements designed to convert
  the Indians to Christianity.
• The Spanish had effectively used the mission
  system in Mexico.
• They built two dozen missions and presidios
  between the late 1600s and 1700s they also built
  San Antonio and Nacogdoches.
• Despite Spanish hopes, the missions failed and
  the towns never flourished.

• The mission system ends
• Native Americans rejected mission life, where
  they were expected to give up their culture as
  well as their religion.
• Some Indian groups viewed the Spanish as
  dangerous trespassers, attacking the missions and
  towns.
• The system was built to convert the Indians and
  to thwart French claims. In 1762, France ceded to
  Spain much of its land claim in North America.
• By 1800, Spain still claimed Texas, but had only
  three settlements in the region.

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Americans Move into Texas

• Moses Austin
• In 1820, Austin proposed to Spanish colonial
  officials that, in exchange for land, he would
  build a colony in Texas. The Spanish agreed, but
  Austin died before he could start. His son,
  Stephen F. Austin, would carry out his wish for a
  colony. By 1824 about 300 families lived on farms
  and ranches throughout Austins colony.
• Mexican independence and the empresarios
• Mexico gained its independence in 1821. The new
  government wanted Texas settled. They assigned
  large amounts of land to empresarios, contractors
  who recruited settlers and established colonies.
  Austin was the most successful of the
  empresarios.
• By 1830, Texas had more than a dozen colonies
  with 30,000 settlers. This included several
  thousand enslaved Africans and 4,000 Tejanos, or
  Texans of Mexican heritage.

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The Texas Revolution
American settlers in Texas had to agree to
certain conditions in exchange for receiving
land. They had to surrender their American
citizenship swear allegiance to Mexico adopt
the Roman Catholic religion and hold the land
for seven years.
The settlers ignored the Mexican rules. They kept
bringing in slaves, even after Mexico outlawed
slavery. Settlers were still Americans, not
Mexican. In 1830, Mexico passed a law halting
American immigration and sent troops to Texas to
enforce it.
Tensions in Texas
Mexican officials suspected that the U.S. wanted
to acquire Texas. Originally claimed as part of
the Louisiana Purchase, the U.S. had dropped its
claim. But when an offer was made to buy a large
part of Texas for 1 million, Mexicans refused,
but their fears of U.S. intentions were
confirmed.
International tensions
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The Texas Revolution Begins
Tensions between settlers, now calling themselves
Texans, and the Mexican government grew
continually worse.
After several bloody protests, Texans held
conventions to discuss the best course of action.
A plan to make Texas a separate Mexican state
failed. The new Mexican president, Antonio López
de Santa Anna, supported a strong central
government and enforced new laws banning state
militias.
War came when violence erupted at Gonzales over
possession of a cannon. Though small, it was the
first battle of the Texas Revolution, and hopes
for a peaceful resolution between the Texans and
Mexico diminished. At a meeting, called the
Consultation, the settlers founded a government
and asked Sam Houston to raise an army.
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From the Alamo to Independence
Rebel Texan forces captured San Antonio, which
contained a fort called the Alamo. Santa Anna led
an army into Texas to punish the rebels and put
down the unrest once and for all.
The Alamo
On February 23, 1836, Santa Annas force of 6,000
soldiers reached San Antonio. A demand of
surrender was met with cannon fire from William
Travis. The Mexican army laid siege to the fort,
pounding it for 12 days and nights. The fort was
finally stormed, with nearly all defenders killed.
Santa Anna
While the Alamo was under siege, a small group of
Texans met at Washington-on-the-Brazos to issue
the Texas Declaration of Independence. They wrote
a constitution for the new, independent nation.
March 2, 1836
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Fighting for Independence

• The Runaway Scrape
• Santa Annas army continued to defeat the Texan
  rebels. Prisoners were held in the presidio at
  Goliad.
• After Mexican soldiers executed 340 prisoners at
  Goliad, Houston retreated to the east with his
  poorly trained army.
• Word of Houstons retreat and the news of the
  Goliad Massacre started a panic.
• In what would be called the Runaway Scrape,
  thousands of Texans, including many Tejanos, fled
  Santa Annas advancing army.

• Texans victorious
• Santa Annas army followed Houstons forces to
  San Jacinto, where Houston managed to take the
  Mexican army by surprise. Texans shouted,
  Remember the Alamo! and Remember Goliad! as
  they won a quick victory.
• The captured Santa Anna was forced to sign the
  Treaties of Velasco, ending the war. Mexico had
  to withdraw its troops and recognize Texas
  independence.
• Problems with Mexico continued for the Republic
  of Texas.

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War with Mexico

• The Main Idea
• Soon after annexing Texas, the United States
  declared war on Mexico.
• Reading Focus
• What were the arguments for and against the
  annexation of Texas?
• What created tensions between the United States
  and Mexico in the 1840s?
• What were the causes and effects of the
  Mexican-American War?

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The Annexation of Texas

• Proponents
• Americans who believed in Manifest Destiny wanted
  to admit Texas to the Union.
• Supporters viewed the Texas Revolution in the
  spirit of the American Revolution.
• Southerners supported annexation because Texas
  allowed slavery, and its admission would boost
  the Souths political power.

• Opponents
• Americans were concerned that the U.S. would have
  to bear the substantial Texas debt.
• Northerners opposed annexation because it would
  spread slavery westward and increase slave
  states voting power in Congress.
• A major argument in Congress was that the
  Constitution said nothing about admitting an
  independent nation.

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The Annexation of Texas

• A Republic for nine years
• The annexation question was a significant issue
  in the 1844 presidential election. When James K.
  Polk, the pro-annexation candidate, won, Mexico
  warned that it would consider the annexation of
  Texas as a declaration of war.
• Tyler signs the joint resolution
• Outgoing president John Tyler signed the joint
  resolution of Congress into law just three days
  before the end of his term, in March 1845.
• Texas becomes a state
• Voters in Texas overwhelmingly approved
  annexation, and Texas became a part of the United
  States on December 29, 1845.

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Tensions between the United States and Mexico
The annexation of Texas enraged the Mexican
government. Mexico had refused to recognize the
Republic of Texas, and they broke off diplomatic
ties with the U.S. after the vote for annexation.

Mexico responds
In March 1845, James K. Polk became president. He
wanted the nation to acquire the land between
Texas and the Pacific Ocean. These sparsely
populated territories, New Mexico and California,
belonged to Mexico. Polk sought an opportunity to
acquire these remote regions.
Polk and Manifest Destiny
The U.S. needed to secure the boundary between
Texas and Mexico. Texans put the border at the
Rio Grande. Mexico maintained it was at the
Nueces River. There were also disputes about
money, and Polk wanted these issues resolved.
The boundary dispute
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Slidells Trip
In the fall of 1845, Polk sent a special envoy to
Mexico.
John Slidell arrived with a U.S. offer to cancel
the 3 million in claims against Mexico in
exchange for Mexicos recognition of the Rio
Grande as its boundary with the U.S. He was
further authorized to pay Mexico up to 30
million to purchase New Mexico and California for
the United States.
Neither of the rivals for Mexicos presidency
would meet with him. An angry Slidell recommended
to Polk that Mexico be punished.
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The Mexican-American War
While Slidell was in Mexico, Polk ordered General
Zachary Taylor to take his troops into the
disputed border territory. The U.S. used the
event of a minor skirmish to declare war on
Mexico.
The war starts
American forces under Taylor advanced into
northern Mexico. General Winfield Scott marched
his forces into Mexico City. In a matter of
months, U.S. forces had captured New Mexico and
California. When their capital fell, the Mexican
government was forced to give in.
Fighting the war
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago (1848) forced
Mexico to turn over a huge tract of land known as
the Mexican Cession, while the U.S. paid Mexico
15 million. Debate continues over whether the
Mexican-American War was justified.
Results of the war
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