Wood Energy, Sustainability and Policy

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Wood Energy, Sustainability and Policy
Technical working group Forest and
environment 23rd February 2007

• Mr. Arnaud GUIDAL
• Forester, GERES CAMBODIA
• GERES (Renewable Energy and Environment Group)

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Content of the presentation

• 1. GERES activities
• 2. Wood energy status in Cambodia
• Demand
• Management
• Wood/charcoal flows
• Price
• 3. Sustainable wood supply
• Energy plantations
• Community forestry
• Sustainable forest management
• 4. Policy
• 5. Action plan

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1. GERES Activities

• a. Working on the reduction of demand
• Dissemination of improved cook stoves (ICS) to
  reduce households wood demand (22 saving)
• Post-combustion stoves for palm sugar producers,
  schools, collectivities (50 saving)

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1. GERES Activities

• b. Working on the development of alternatives
• Biofuel, biogas, agro-wastes charcoal brickets
• National study on biofuel

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1. GERES Activities

• c. Working on energy efficiency
• Improved charcoal and wood vinegar production in
  Takeo
• Yoshimura and Iwate kilns construction

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1. GERES Activities

• d. Working on policy
• Cooperation with MIME to establish wood energy
  policy (NWEWG)
• Wood flow studies, charcoal supply chains

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1. GERES Activities

• e. Working on supply
• Implementation of forestry projects (PACTI,
  WildAid, WFP, GRET)

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Cambodia Fuelwood Saving Projectresults

• The project plan targeted a dissemination of 2500
  ICS/month, in Jan. 07 the selling rate was 8446
  units
• 265 additional jobs created
• 16 producing centers enjoying 100000
• 25 middlemen enjoying 120000
• 150 retailers enjoying 100000
• Users (140000 families) save money from charcoal
  (2.5 m) and stove purchasing price
• 30000 tons of charcoal saved (or 200000 tons of
  fresh wood), 300000 tons CO2 emission reduction
• Data for 2003-2006, verification by an
  independent CDM verifier

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2. Wood Energy Status in Cambodia

• Demand
• 85 of total national energy consumed (MIME in
  REP PoR, 2005, NIS 2005),
• Biomass-based energy is mainly used in rural
  areas by poor people and SMEs (tile, brick, palm
  sugar)

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2. Wood Energy Status in Cambodia

• Demand
• 90 of wood energy is consumed by households
• Approximately 7,000,000m3 of fuelwood is
  estimated to be collected annually, half from
  forested areas (FAO, 2001)

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2. Wood Energy Status in Cambodia

• Management
• Fuelwood is obtained without proper management
  and in unsustainable way
• No integration of trees in the farming systems
  (flooding, free collection from natural forests)

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2. Wood Energy Status in Cambodia

• Wood/charcoal flows
• Main sources of charcoal and firewood are Aural
  Wildlife Sanctuary and Kirirom National Park

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Consequence - deforestation
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Consequence - degradation
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Consequence migration

• Where will be the next source of wood?

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2. Wood Energy Status in Cambodia

• Price
• Fuelwoods are cheaper because freely collected.
  In the past, coupe systems have proven to be
  unfeasible as management costs made legally
  logged wood not competitive compared to illegal
  one

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3. Sustainable wood supply

• Energy plantations
• Community forestry
• Sustainable forest management

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3.1. Energy plantations

• Wood supply
• In order to supply the country with adequate
  woodfuel approximately one million hectares of
  fast growing plantations need to be established
  (Tuukka Castrén, no date)
• Village plantation
• 1 family burns 2.78 kg of firewood/day
• 1 village of 100 families needs 278kg of
  firewood/day, around 100 000 kg of firewood/year
  (100 tons)
• 1 ha of acacia yields 15 m3/ha/yr (20 t)
• After a 5 years rotation cycle, 1 ha yields 100
  tons
• The villagers need to plant 1 ha every year to be
  self-sufficient (totally 5 ha are mobilized)

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3.2. Community Forestry

• No by-laws and regulations recognized at national
  level, no recommended management plan
• CF failed to alleviate poverty (FA, 2006)
• Causes most of lands allocated to CF are
  degraded forests, restrictions on users rights
• Options enrichment planting, agroforestry

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3.3. Sustainable forest management

• Definition of forest, demarcation to stop
  encroachment
• Minimum canopy cover 20?
• Minimum surface 0.067ha?
• Minimum height of mature trees gt2m?
• Forest cover vs. Forest quality
• In the past krom samaki management systems
  involved local people in forest logging
  operations, respected their customary rights and
  generated employment
• Post concession forest management, CF partnership
  models
• Forest certification

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4. Policy

• Existing/approved
• Rectangular strategy (energy development)
• PM speech (16 July 2004) addressing Sust. Forest
  Management for domestic consumption and the
  development of CF as sound and transparent
  locally managed systems
• Law on Forestry 2002
• Sub-decree permanent forest estate
• Sub-decree Community forestry management
• Sub-decree Environmental impact assessment
• Declaration NTFP
• NWEWG established by Minister of Mines,
  Industries and Energy the 28 Feb 2006
• Rectangular strategy 2004
• CITES, ITTA
• Drafted
• UNESCAP and WB financed the development of an
  Energy Sector Strategy but ignored most
  non-electricity issues
• Missing
• No policies exist to promote energy plantations
• No regulation for sustainable fuelwood supply.
• No policies exist to address energy issues
  related to poverty alleviation

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4. Policy

• Challenges
• Leadership of ministries is barely seen by
  tendency to respond to proposals based on
  potential funding, rather than policies or
  government priorities
• Inter-sectoral approach is difficult as
  coordination is a bit difficult to be realized
  among ministries
• Capacity is developed by JICA (Energy Master
  Plan), WB Group (REF), UNESCAP (draft Energy
  Sector Strategy), GERES (Fuelwood Strategy) but
  no fund is available for implementation. Though
  dissemination is possible through networks
• Linkages between energy, environment and poverty

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5. Action Plan
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Thank you for your attention
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References

• FAA118/119 analysis, conservation of tropical
  forests and biological diversity in Cambodia,
  April 2005
• Timber trade and wood flow, Cambodia, Tuukka
  Castren, no date
• Wood Energy Baseline Study for CDM in Cambodia
  Household woodfuel use and supply in Phnom Penh,
  CCCO, GERES and IGES, 2006
• Regional Energy Programme for Poverty Reduction
  (REP-PoR), Cambodia country report, I. Baskoro et
  al., 2005
• Forests and the forest industry in Cambodia, Kim
  Phat Nophea, no date
• Desk study on National woodfuels and wood energy
  information analysis, Cambodia, Sok Bun Heng,
  EC-FAO Partnership Programme, April 2002
• Country Report on Forest and Watershed
  Management, Teang Sokhom, no date