Onagraceae Evening Primrose Family

1
Onagraceae (Evening Primrose Family)
Habit Herbs to shrubs, or occationally
trees Leaves alternate and spiral, opposite, or
whorled, simple, entire to toothed, sometimes
lobed, with pinnate venation Inflorescence
indeterminate, terminal, axillary, or
solitary Flowers usually bisexual, radial or
bilateral, usually with well-developed hypanthium
that is clearly prolonged above ovary (except in
Ludwigia) Sepals (2-) 4 (-7), distinct Petals
(2-) 4 (-7), distinct, sometimes clawed,
occationally lacking Stamens (4-) 8, not
incurved in bud, anthers with septa dividing the
sporogenous tissue within locules Pollen grains
in monads, tetrads, or polyads, usually
triporate, with unique paracrystalline beaded
outer exine, and associated with viscin threads
Carpels usually 4, connate, ovary inferior,
stigmas capitate to 4-lobed or 4-branched
2
Fruit a loculicidal capsule, berry, or sometimes
small, indehiscent, and nutlike, seeds sometimes
winged or with a tuft of hairs. Floral
Formula Floral Diagram
3
Distribution and Ecology Widely distributed and
especially diverse in western North America and
South America. Genera/species 16/650 Major
genera Epilobium (164 spp.), Oenothera (120
spp.), Fuchsia (110 spp.), Ludwigia (80 spp.),
Camissonia (62 spp.), and Clarkia (45
spp.). Economic plants and products Fuchsia,
Oenothera (evening primrose), and Clarkia are
ornamentals with showy flowers.
4
(No Transcript)
5
(No Transcript)
6
Oenothera speciosa
7
Oenothera speciosa
8
Oenothera speciosa
9
Oenothera laciniata
Oenothera elata
10
Oenothera biennis
11
Epilobium angustifolium
Ludwigia peruviana
12
Fuchsia triphylla
13
Fuchsia triphylla
Fuchsia x hybrida
14
Brassicaceae / Cruciferae (Crucifer, Mustard, or
Caper Family)
Habit Trees, shrubs, or herbs, producing
glucosinolates (mustard oil glucosides) and with
myrosin cells, often cyanogenic, hairs diverse,
simple to branched, stellate, or peltate Leaves
usually alternate and spiral, sometimes in basal
rosettes, simple, often pinnately dissected or
lobed, or palmately or pinnately compound, entire
to serrate Inflorescence indeterminate,
occationally reduced to a single flower, terminal
or axillary Flowers usually bisexual, radial or
bilateral, often lacking subtending bracts,
receptacle prolonged, forming an elongate or
shortened gynophore Sepals 4, distinct Petals
4, distinct, often forming a cross, often with an
elongate claw and abruptly spreading limb
15
Stamens (2-) 6, or numerous, all the same
length or the two outer shorter than the 4 inner
(tetradynamous), filaments elongate to rather
short, distinct, or connate in pairs Carpels
usually 2, connate, ovary superior, with parietal
placentation, frequently with the placentas
forming a thick rim (replum) around the fruit and
often connected by a false septum (a thin
partition lacking vascular tissue) that divides
the ovary into two chambers, stigma
capitate Fruit a berry or capsule, frequently
with two valves breaking away from a replum and
often additionally with a persistent septum (the
fruit then a silique). Floral Formula
16
Floral Diagram Distribution and
Ecology Cosmopolitan, most diverse in the
Mediterranean region, southwestern and central
Asia, and western North America. Many species
occur in early successional communities.
17
Genera/species 419/4130 Major genera Capparis
(350 spp.), Draba (350 spp.), Cleome (200 spp.),
Erysimum (180 spp.), Cardamine (170 spp.),
Lepidium (170 spp.), Arabis (170 spp.), Alyssum
(150 spp.), Sisymbrium (90 spp.), Lesquerella (90
spp.), Heliophila (70 spp.), Thlaspi (70 spp.),
Rorippa (70 spp.), and Hesperis (60
spp.). Economic plants and products The family
contains many important food plants, including
both edible species, such as Capparis spinosa
(capers), Raphanus sativus (radish), Brassica
oleracea (cabbage, kale, broccoli, cauliflower,
Brussels sprouts, kohlrabi), and B. rapa (Chinese
cabbage, turnip), and sources of condiments, such
as Brassica juncea (Chinese mustard), B. nigra
(black mustard), Sinapis alba (white mustard),
and Armoracia rusticana (horseradish).
18
Table mustard is prepared from a mixture of the
seeds of white mustard and either black or
Chinese mustard. Vegetable oil is extracted from
the seeds of several species of Brassica,
especially B. napus (canola, rapeseed oil). The
family contains many ornamentals, such as Cleome
(spider flower), Hesperis (rocket, dames
violet), Erysimum (wallflower), Iberis
(candytuft), Lunaria (honesty, money plant),
Lobularia (sweet alyssum), and Arabis (rock
cress). Weedy taxa are also common, e.g.,
Capsella (shepherds purse), Descurainia (tansy
mustard), Lepidium (peppergrass), and Sisymbrium
(hedge mustard). Arabidopsis thaliana (thale or
mouse-ear cress), a Eurasian weed, is the most
widely used vascular plant in molecular and
experimental biology.
19
(No Transcript)
20
(No Transcript)
21
Cleome domingensis
22
Capparis flexuosa
Capparis cynophallophora
23
Brassica napus
24
Brassica oleracea
25
Brassica rapa
26
Draba laciniata
27
Hesperis matronalis
28
Raphanus raphanastrum
29
Brassica campestris / Thlaspi arvensis
30
Capsella bursa-pastoris
31
Thysanocarpus amplectens
Lunaria annua
32
Malvaceae (Mallow Family)
Habit Trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs, mucilage
canals present, hairs various, but usually
stellate or peltate scales Leaves usually
alternate, spiral or 2-ranked, simple, often
palmately lobed, or palmately compound, entire to
serrate, with palmate venation Inflorescence
indeterminate, mixed, or determinate, sometimes
reduced to a single flower, axillary, with
determinate basic repeating unit and bearing 3
bracts, one of which is always sterile, while the
others subtending lateral cymes or single
flowers Flowers bisexual or unisexual, usually
radial, often associated with conspicuous bracts
that form an epicalyx Sepals usually 5, distinct
to more commonly connate Petals usually 5,
distinct, or sometimes lacking Stamens 5 to
numerous, sometimes borne on a short to elongate
androgynophore, filaments often strongly connate
and forming a tube around the gynoecium
(monadelphous), usually unappendaged, staminodes
sometimes present
33
Carpels 2 to many, connate, ovary superior,
placentation usually axile, stigmas capitate or
lobed, nectaries composed of densely packed
multicellular, glandular hairs on sepals and
sometimes on petals or androgynophore Fruit
usually a loculicidal capsule, schizocarp, nut,
indehiscent pod, aggregate of follicles, drupe or
berry, seeds sometimes with hairs, occationally
winged. Floral Formula
34
Floral Diagram
35
Distribution and Ecology Cosmopolitan. Genera/sp
ecies 204/2330 Major genera Hibiscus (300
spp.), Sterculia (250 spp.), Dombeya (250 spp.),
Sida (200 spp.), Pavonia (200 spp.), Grewia (150
spp.), Cola (125 spp.), Abutilon (100 spp.),
Triumfetta (100 spp.), Bombax (60 spp.),
Corchorus (50 spp.), and Tilia (45
spp.). Economic plants and products Important
food plants include Theobroma cacao (chocolate,
from seeds), Cola nitida and C. acuminata (cola
seeds), Durio zibethinus (durian, fruit), and
Hibiscus esculentus (okra, fruit). A few genera
yield valuable timber balsa wood is from Ochroma
pyramidale. Hairs associated with seeds are used
as stuffing material (such as kapok, from species
of Ceiba and Bombax) or in fabrics (such as
cotton, from species of Gossypium).
36
The family contains numerous ornamentals,
including Tilia, Fremontodendron (flannelbush),
Dombeya, Grewia, Firmiana (Chinese parasol tree),
Ceiba, Abutilon, Althaea (hollyhock), Hibiscus
(hibiscus), Pavonia, Malvaviscus (turks cap),
Thespesia (Portia tree), and Malva (mallow).
37
(No Transcript)
38
(No Transcript)
39
(No Transcript)
40
(No Transcript)
41
Abutilon striatum
Callirhoe papaver
42
Chorisia insignis
Chorisia speciosa
43
Dombeya species
44
Goethea strictiflora
45
Gossypium lanceolata
46
Gossypium species
Gossypium lanceolata
47
Hibiscus moscheutos
48
Hibiscus moscheutos
49
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
50
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
51
Napaea dioica
52
Pachira aquatica
53
Reevesia thyrsoides
54
Sphaeralcea coulteri
Thespesia populnea
55
Theobroma cacao
56
Theobroma cacao
57
Theobroma cacao