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• 1607

• In this year, representatives of the Virginia
  Company of London established the first permanent
  English settlement in North America. The
  settlement was called Jamestown in honor of King
  James I of England.

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• 1776

• On July 4th of this year, fifty-six
  representatives from the 13 colonies unanimously
  approved the Declaration of Independence.

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• 1787

• Between May 25th and September 17th of this year,
  delegates gathered in Philadelphia to revise the
  Articles of Confederation. Instead they drafted,
  debated, compromised, and finally approved for
  ratification the Constitution of the United
  States.

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• 1803

• The United States under the leadership of Thomas
  Jefferson, acquired the Louisiana Territory from
  France during this year. The purchase more than
  doubled the AREA of the United States.

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• 1861-1865

• The American Civil War was fought during these
  years. It began with the firing on Fort Sumter
  and ended with the Confederate surrender at
  Appomattox Court House almost four years later.

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• Articles
• of
• Confederation

• This document, the nations first Constitution,
  was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in
  1781 during the Revolution. The document was
  limited because States held most of the power,
  and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate
  trade, or control coinage.

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• Bill
• of
• Rights

• The first ten amendments to the Constitution.
• (ratified in 1791)

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• Civic
• Virtue

• People who exemplify this quality go beyond their
  obligations by taking an active role in improving
  the community and the experiences of other
  members of the community.

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• Declaration
• of
• Independence

• This document was adopted by the Second
  Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. It
  established the 13 colonies as independent
  states, free from rule by Great Britain. Thomas
  Jefferson wrote the majority of this document.

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• Quote from
• Declaration
• of
• Independence

• We hold these truths to be self-evident, that
  all men are created equal, that they are endowed
  by their Creator with certain unalienable rights,
  that among these are Life, Liberty, and the
  Pursuit of Happiness. That to secure the rights,
  Governments are instituted among men, deriving
  their just power from the consent of the
  governed. That whenever any form of Government
  becomes destructive of these ends, it is the
  right of the people to alter or abolish it, and
  to institute new government

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• English Bill
• of Rights

• King William and Queen Mary accepted this
  document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights
  to English citizens and declared that elections
  for Parliament would happen frequently. By
  accepting this document, they supported a limited
  monarchy, a system in which they shared their
  power with Parliament and the people.

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• Federalism

• The distribution of power between a federal
  government and the states within a union.

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• Federalist
• Papers

• A series of essays written by three leading
  Federalists -- James Madison, Alexander Hamilton,
  and John Jay.
• (they supported a form of government that divided
  power between a strong central government and the
  states.)

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• Federalist

• Those favoring ratification of the constitution
  and the federalist form of government.

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• French and
• Indian War

• This struggle between the British and the French
  in the colonies of North America was part of a
  worldwide war known as the Seven Years War.

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• Fundamental
• Orders of
• Connecticut

• This document was the first written constitution
  in the American Colonies. It was prepared as the
  covenant for the new Puritan community in
  Connecticut, established in the 1630s. This
  document described a system for the new community.

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• Anti-Federalists

• Those opposed to the Constitution because they
  feared the power of the national government in
  the new federal system.

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• Founding
• Fathers

• This term applies to those individuals who played
  a major role in declaring U. S. independence,
  fighting the Revolutionary War, or writing and
  adopting the U. S. Constitution. They include
  Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, and James
  Madison.

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• Dred Scott
• v.
• Sandford

• A landmark Supreme Court decision which confirmed
  that status of slaves as property rather than
  citizens.

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• Free Enterprise
• System

• An economic system in which individuals depend on
  supply and demand and the profit margin to
  determine what to produce, how to produce, how
  much to produce, and for whom to produce. The
  quest for improvement financially and materially
  motivates consumers and producers.

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• Separation
• of
• Powers

• This division of a central government into two or
  more branches, each having its own
  responsibilities and authorities.

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• Unalienable
• Rights

• These rights are fundamental or natural rights
  guaranteed to people naturally instead of by law.
  They include life, liberty, and the pursuit of
  happiness.

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• Representative
• Government

• Power is held by the people and exercised through
  the efforts of representatives elected by the
  people.

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• Republicanism

• A philosophy of limited government with elected
  representatives serving at the will of the
  people. Government is based on consent of the
  governed.

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• Protective
• Tariff

• A tax on an imported product instituted to
  protect local industries.

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• Reform
• Movement

• Work to change society for the better. Focused
  on improving conditions for the poor, enslaved,
  imprisoned, women, and disabled.

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• Plantation
• System

• A system of agricultural production on
  large-scale land ownership and the exploitation
  of labor and the environment. This system
  focused on the production of cash crops and
  utilized slave labor.

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• Popular
• Sovereignty

• The concept that political power rests with the
  people who can create, alter, and abolish
  government. People express themselves through
  voting and free participation in government.

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• Emancipation
• Proclamation

• Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862,
  it declared that all slaves in the rebellious
  Confederate States be free.

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• Nullification
• Crisis

• Southerners favored freedom of trade and believed
  in the authority of states over the federal
  government. Southerners declared federal
  protective tariffs null and void.

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• Judicial
• Review

• Provides for the judicial branch of the
  government to determine if laws are
  constitutional.

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• Mercantilism

• A set of economic principles based on policies
  which stress government regulation of economic
  activities to benefit the home country.

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• Gibbons
• v.
• Ogden

• Supreme Court decision that ruled that the
  Constitution gave control of interstate commerce
  to the U. S. Congress, not the individual states
  through which a route passed.

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• Individual
• Rights

• These are protected by the Bill of Rights and
  include economic rights related to property,
  political rights related to freedom of speech and
  press, and personal rights related to bearing
  arms and maintaining private residence.

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• Civil
• Disobedience

• Henry David Thoreau advocated this process of
  defying codes of conduct within a community or
  ignoring the policies and government of a state
  or nation when the civil laws are unjust.

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• Gettysburg
• Address

• Speech given by Abraham Lincoln which captured
  the spirit of liberty and morality ideally held
  by citizens of a democracy. That ideal was
  threatened by the Civil War.

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• Bessemer
• Steel
• Process

• The process of removing impurities from iron to
  make steel by blasting the melted iron with hot
  air.

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• Checks
• and
• Balances

• A system that allows each branch of the
  government to limit the powers of the other
  branches in order to prevent abuse of power.

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• 14th
• Amendment

• This amendment declared that all persons born or
  naturalized in the United States were entitled
  equal rights regardless of their race, and that
  their rights were protected at both the state and
  national levels.

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• Abolitionist
• Movement

• The movement concentrated on ending Slavery in
  the United States.

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• 15th
• Amendment

• This amendment granted black men the right to
  vote.

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• 13th
• Amendment

• This amendment freed all Slaves without
  compensation to slave-owners. It legally forbade
  slavery in the United States.

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• Northwest
• Ordinance

• Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most
  significant achievement of the Articles of
  Confederation. It established a system for
  setting up governments in the western territories
  so they could eventually join the Union on an
  equal footing with the original 13 states.

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• Philadelphia
• Convention
• of 1787

• This meeting was held for the sole and express
  purpose of revising the Articles of
  Confederation. Instead the attendees decided to
  scrap the Articles of Confederation and create a
  new plan for government. Of the 55 delegates who
  attended, 39 signed the document they created
  --the U. S. Constitution.

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• Marbury
• v.
• Madison

• This was the first judgement by the Supreme Court
  which supported the federal system of government.
  In 1803, Chief Justice John Marshall, a
  Federalists, upheld and strengthened the
  authority of the federal judiciary. He
  established the principle of judicial review, the
  power of the judiciary to determine that a law
  can be declared unconstitutional.

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• Monroe
• Doctrine

• A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed
  that Europe should not interfere in affairs
  within the United States or in the development of
  other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

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• Mayflower
• Compact

• This document was drafted in 1620 prior to
  settlement by the Pilgrims of Plymouth Bay in
  Massachusetts. It declared that 41 males who
  signed it agreed to accept majority rule and
  participate in a government in the best interest
  of all members of the colony. This agreement set
  the precedent for later documents outlining
  commonwealth rule.

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• McCulloch
• v.
• Maryland

• In 1819, Chief Justice John Marshall continued to
  define the limits of the U. S. Constitution and
  the authority of the federal governments and
  state governments. One side in the case was
  opposed to the establishment of a national bank
  and challenged the authority of the federal
  government to establish one. The Supreme Court
  ruled that the power of the Federal government
  was supreme over that of the states and the
  states could not interfere.

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• Magna
• Carta

• This document, signed by King John of England in
  1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and
  law. It declared that the king and government
  were bound by the laws as other citizens of
  England. It contained the antecedents of the
  ideas of due process and the right to a fair and
  speedy trial that are included in the protection
  offered by the U. S. Bill of Rights.

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• Manifest
• Destiny

• This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many
  people belived that the United States was
  destined to secure territory from sea to sea,
  from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This
  rationale drove the acquisition of territory.

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• Industrial
• Revolution

• During this rapid period of industrial growth
  more and more countries adopted mass production.
  Handmade goods were quickly replaced by
  machine-made goods. Factory laborers replaced
  craftsmen and home production.

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• Limited
• Government

• In this type of government everyone, including
  all authority figures, must obey laws.
  Constitution, statements of rights, or other laws
  define the limits of those in power so they
  cannot take advantage of the elected, appointed,
  or inherited positions.

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• House
• of
• Burgesses

• First representative government in North America
  (Jamestown)

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• Primary
• Source

• First hand information-evidence produced by
  someone who participated in an event or lived
  during the time being studied (letters, diaries,
  even drawings)

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• Secondary
• Source

• Second hand information-descriptions or
  interpretations prepared by people who were not
  involved in the events described.

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• The Great
• Awakening

• An emotional religious movement that swept
  through the colonies in the 1700s.

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• The
• Enlightenment

• A European and American intellectual
  revolution-that emphasized science and reason
  instead of fear and superstition.
• Also know as
• Age of Reason

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• The New
• England
• Colonies

• Fishing, whaling, subsistence farming.
• Massachusetts Pilgrim (Plymouth) Puritans,
  Massachusetts Bay, Salem Witch Trials
• Connecticut Thomas Hooker, Fundamental orders of
  Connecticut.
• Rhode Island Roger Williams, Separation of
  church and state.
• New Hampshire

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• Middle
• Colonies

• Bread Basket Colonies-staple crops, diverse
  populations, indentured servants
• New York
• Pennsylvania Quackers
• New Jersey
• Delaware

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• The
• Southern
• Colonies

• Cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo, and later
  cotton)
• SLAVERY
• Maryland Catholics
• Virginia Jamestown
• North and South Carolina Split into two
  colonies.
• Georgia James Ogelthorpe, criminals and debtors.

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• Triangular
• Trade

• Trade routes between the American Colonies,
  England, and the West Indies.

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• Middle
• Passage

• Horrific voyage that brought Slaves from Africa
  across the Atlantic Ocean to North America.

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• John Peter
• Zenger

• Colonist famous for fighting for freedom of the
  press.

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• Proclamation
• of 1763

• British laws passed after the French and Indian
  War that forbade colonists from moving west of
  the Appalachian Mountains due to Indian problems.

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• No Taxation
• Without
• Representation

• Colonists were angered at British attempts to tax
  them since colonists were not allowed to elect
  any representatives to Parliament.
• Colonists Boycotted

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• Committees
• of
• Correspondence

• Committees formed by colonists (Sam Adams, Paul
  Revere, John Hancock etc) to spread information
  about resisting new British laws and taxes also
  helped to unify the colonists.

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• The
• Boston
• Massacre

• Incident in which British soldiers fired into a
  mob of angry unarmed colonists, killing 5 of
  them. Colonists called it a massacre for
  propaganda purposes.

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• The Boston
• Tea Party

• Colonial protest against the Tea Act when
  colonists boarded British ships and dumped 340
  chests of valuable tea into the Boston Harbor.
  Colonists believed the Tea Act was a trick to get
  them to pay a tax without representation in
  Parliament.

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• The
• Intolerable
• Acts

• Set of laws passed by Parliament to punish
  colonists for the Boston Tea Party and to gain
  tighter control of the colonies. This only
  united the colonies even more against Britain.
• (aka Coercive Acts)

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• Battles of
• Lexington
• and
• Concord

• Considered the first shot of the American
  Revolution (shot heard around the world). One
  year of fighting led to Thomas Paines Common
  Sense and the Declaration of Independence.

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• Common
• Sense

• Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that criticized
  monarchies and convinced many American Colonists
  of the need to break away from Britain. (1776)

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• Battle of
• Trenton

• Revolutionary War battle in New Jersey in which
  Patriot forces captured more than 900 Hessian
  troops. (1776)

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• Battle of
• Saratoga

• Considered the turning point of the Revolution
  because it convinced the French to enter the was
  as American allies.

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• Battle of
• Yorktown

• American victory that led to the signing of the
  treaty of Paris -- established American
  independence from England.

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• Shays
• Rebellion

• Uprising of farmers, in Massachusetts, angry over
  high taxes. Showed the weaknesses of the
  Articles of Confederation.

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• The Great
• Compromise

• Agreement worked out at the Constitutional
  Convention establishing that a states population
  would determine representation in the lower house
  of the legislature, while each state should have
  equal representation in the upper house of the
  legislature. (1787)

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• The
• Three-Fifths
• Compromise

• Agreement worked out at the Constitutional
  Convention stating that3/5 of the slaves in each
  state should be counted as part of the states
  population for determining representation in the
  lower house of Congress.

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• Strict
• Construction

• Way of interpreting the Constitution that allows
  the federal government to take only those actions
  the Constitution specifically says it can take.

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• Loose
• Construction

• Way of interpreting the Constitution that allows
  the federal government to take actions that the
  Constitution does not specifically forbid it from
  taking.

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• The
• North

• President Abraham Lincoln
• Name Union--Blue
• Nickname Yanks
• Generals Ulysses S. Grant

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• The
• South

• President Jefferson Davis
• Name Confederacy-Gray
• Nickname Rebels
• Generals Robert E. Lee

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• Dorothea
• Dix

• Prison Reform
• Better treatment for criminals, orphans and
  people with mental illnesses.
• More than 100 hospitals built, reform schools for
  young people, better prison conditions.

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• Horace
• Mann

• Education reform.
• Common schools for all kids colleges for women
  schools for African Americans and the disabled.
• In Mass- doubled school budget, raised teacher
  salaries, made school year longer, ideas spread
  thru out the U.S.

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• Womens
• Rights

• Sojourner Truth
• Lucretia Mott
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Susan B. Anthony

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• Sojourner
• Truth

• Abolitionists and Womens Rights
• End slavery and more rights for women
• Gave speeches throughout New England

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• Elizabeth Cady
• Stanton

• Womens Rights
• Property rights, voting, education, etc.
• Co-organizer of Seneca Falls Convention where the
  Declaration of Sentiments was written.

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• Lucretia
• Mott

• Womens Rights.
• Property rights, voting, education.
• Co-organizer of Seneca Falls Convention where the
  Declaration of Sentiments was written.

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• Susan B.
• Anthony

• Womens Rights.
• Property rights, voting, education rights.
• Helped turn the Womens Rights movement into a
  political movement.

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• Temperance
• Movement

• People wanted to stop drinking of hard liquor and
  limit beer and wine.
• Some states passed laws banning alcohol.

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• Abolitionists
• Movement

• American Colonization Society
• William L. Garrison
• Fredrick Douglas
• Harriet Tubman
• Sojourner Truth

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• American
• Colonization
• Society

• Abolitionists
• Wanted to establish a colony in Africa for freed
  African American slaves.
• Established Liberia where 12,000 African
  Americans settled.

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• William L.
• Garrison

• Abolitionists
• Wanted to end slavery and wanted equal rights for
  the races.
• Published The Liberator President of American
  Anti-Slavery Society.

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• Fredrick
• Douglas

• Abolitionists
• Wanted to end slavery.
• Published The North Star-one of the most famous
  Black abolitionists.

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• Harriet
• Tubman

• Abolitionists
• Wanted to end slavery,
• Famous conductor of the Underground Railroad
  helped over 300 slaves escape.

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• Sojourner
• Truth

• Abolitionists/ Womens Rights
• End slavery and more rights for women.
• Gave speeches throughout New England.

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• First
• Political
• Parties

• Democratic-Republicans
• (Thomas Jefferson) Weak Central Government,
  Agricultural Economy
• Federalists (Alexander Hamilton) Strong Federal
  Government, loose interpretation of the
  Constitution, Industrial Economy

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• Washingtons
• Farewell
• Address

• Decided not to run for 3rd term. Warned the
  nation of THREE dangers
• 1. Political parties- He worried they might
  divide the nation (sectionalism)
• 2. Debt the government should work to pay its
  debts
• 3. Foreign wars that we should not get
  involved in foreign problems

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• War of 1812

• War with Great Britain caused by the British
  interfering with American ships and impressing
  U.S. sailors Francis Scott Key wrote the Star
  Spangled Banner the British blockade of U.S. to
  start manufacturing its own goods.

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• Andrew
• Jackson

• First Democratic President. Known as Old
  Hickory. Hero of the common man. Supported
  the Indian Removal Act (Trail of Tears). Upheld
  power of the Federal Government in the
  Nullification crisis (over the tariff)

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• Indian
• Removal
• Act

• Indians moved to Indian Territory (Oklahoma).
  Whites wanted fertile Indian lands. Forced march
  known as the Trail of Tears.

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• Eli Whitney

• Developed the concept of interchangeable parts
  which enabled mass production of factory goods.
  Also invented the cotton gin.

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• Seneca Falls
• Convention

• Meeting of Womens Rights supporters in Seneca
  Falls, NY. The Declaration of Sentiments was
  written, listing demands and grievances of women.

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• Lincolns
• 1st and 2nd
• Inauguration
• Speeches

• 1st Lincoln tried to reassure Southern states
  that he had no power to end slavery and that he
  did not want Civil War. We are not enemies but
  friends.
• 2nd called for a time of healing to bind up
  the nations wounds and achieve a lasting peace.

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• Civil War
• Battles

• Ft. Sumter April 1861. The opening shots was
  a federal fort that was seized by the
  Confederates.
• Gettysburg Vicksburg July 1863. These Union
  victories were considered the turning point of
  the war.
• Appamatox Courthouse where Lee surrendered to
  Grant.

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• The End