Photon Sources Storage Rings

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Photon Sources ---- Storage Rings Storage
rings are the foundation of the success of
synchrotron radiation research
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Insertion DevicesThe Sources of High
Brilliance Radiation
Brilliance n2 Discrete Harmonics One e-
coherence
Intensity n Continuous spectrum Higher Photon
Energy
Brilliance Photons/mm2mrad2 s DE
I Emittance e (nmrad)
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Photon Sources --- Storage Rings
Photon Parameters Energy Range Thz to gt 100
keV Energy resolution E/DE 104 to gt106
Independently tuneable Selecteable
polarization Pulse length 30 ps Partially
coherent Many (50) simultaneous experiments

• Electron Parameters
• 1.5 GeV lt E lt 8 GeV, energy spread gt 0.1
• bunch charge 1nC 500 MHz rep-rate
• Total current 300 mA
• E2/R typically (1-10 nmrad)
• tlifetime gtgt t relaxation

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Photon Sources --- Storage Rings
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Photon Sources --- Storage Rings Influence
of the electron beam emittance
10
103
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How can we improve x-ray sources ?
Accelerator driven x-ray sources
Storage ring
LINAC source (gt FEL)
Energy-Recovery LINAC

• E2/R
• Energy spread 0.1
• lifetime gtgt t relaxation
• bunch charge 1nC

• 1/E
• Energy spread 10-4
• t lifetime ltlt trelaxation

bunch charge 1 nC
bunch charge lt 100 pC
undulators
LINAC
LINAC
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Photon Sources ---- FELs SASE (Self Amplified
Spontaneous Emission) operation
All electrons emit coherently ---- brilliance
proportional to nel2 extremely high peak
brilliance ----- fully coherent beam ----- fs
pulses
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Photon Sources ---- FELs Peak brilliance in
the X-ray range unmatched by any other source
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Temporal pulse shape of the FLASH FEL Measured by
autocorrelation
Visibility of the interference fringes
Model of the pulse shape
12 fs pulses are realizable
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Photon Sources ---- FELs Seeded FEL operation
---- 2nd generation FELs
Seeded SASE
Seeded Pump-probe Nonlinear phenomena
SASE Single Photon Events High power fs
All electrons emit coherently ---- brilliance
proportional to nel2 extremely high peak
brilliance ----- fully coherent beam
Reproducible peak shape, synchronized fs pulses
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Photon Sources ---- FELs FEL facility
operations
High Peak Power --- High Peak Brilliance --- Full
Coherence --- fs Pulses Seeded FELs
synchronized pulses with reproducible,
controllable shape Unusual multi-bunch pattern
(5 Hz to 120 Hz with pulse trains) Intrinsic
energy resolution E/DE 103 Few user operation
---- not fully independent Not rapidly tuneable
(discrete selectable energies)
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Photon Sources --- Energy Recovery
LINAC Combines advantages of storage rings with
accelerator driven sources
High average Brilliance ---- coherence ----
short (1ps) pulses (fs option) Many independent
experiments ---- UV to hard X-rays --- long
(25m)undulators Round beam (novel undulator
designs) Very flexible pulse patterns (multiple
injection systems) ---- GHz rep rate
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Photon Sources --- Energy Recovery LINAC High
average brilliance ---- very flexible operation
ERL 3 GeV
ERL 5 GeV
Multiple injection system parameters High current
--- high coherence Short (50 fs) pulses
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Third generation x-ray sources
Fourth generation x-ray sources
LINAC source (gt FEL)
Energy-Recovery LINAC
Storage ring
e 1/E t lifetime ltlt trelaxation

• e E2/R
• lifetime gtgt t relaxation
• bunch charge 1nC

bunch charge 1 nC
bunch charge lt 100 pC

• High avarage brilliance
• Full spatial coherence
• Many experiments
• Ready tunability
• Excellent energy resolution
• Flexible pulse characteristics
• Fs to ps pulse lengths
• 109 pulses/s

• Extremely high peak brilliance
• Full spatial coherence
• Ultrashort (fs) pulses
• Temporal coherence with seeding
• low pulse rep. Rate 102 to 105 Hz
• Few experiments

• Many experiments
• Ready tunability
• High flux
• ps pulses

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Ultimate storage ring ERL FEL Where is the
difference

• Lasing is special to the FEL --- 106 more
  photons/pulse
• FELs and ERLs can use the similar gun designs
  (injection system) and
• the electron beam is determined by the
  accelerator system
• Diffraction limited beams e lt l/4p
• Partial lasing ?
• Why is energy recovery needed
• 1.3 GHz pulses --- 77 pC --- 5 GeV ? 500 MW
  power (ERL design)
• 120 Hz pulses --- 1nC --- 15 GeV ? 1.8 KW
  power (LCLS)
• 1 MHz --- 1 nC --- 3 GeV ? 3 MW
• Gun design not yet available for full ERL/FEL
  operation

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Photon Sources --- SC Gun Development FZ
Rossendorf --- BESSY --- DESY collaboration
Design values 1 MHz and 1 nC
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Photon Sources ---- Alternate Concepts
G. Kulipanov
K.J. Kim
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Photon Sources ---- Laser based Sources

• Conventional lasers are the ultimate source
  for spectral ranges from IR to UV. There, they
  provide highest powers in combination with
  complete control over the electromagnetic field
  amplitude and phase from cw to femto- or
  attoseconds.
• Extension of the laser principle towards the
  UV ends at 150nm (commercial) and 110nm
  (laboratory table-top x-ray lasers),
  respectively. Physical barriers include active
  materials (ions), tunability, and pump power
  scaling.
• Nonlinear frequency conversion in the VUV
  generally rests on high intensities, provided by
  short-pulse driver lasers (e.g. High Harmonic
  Generation HHG in gases). Barriers are decreasing
  conversion efficiencies towards short wavelengths
  in combination with limited average power of the
  driver lasers.
• Special situations arise at relativistic
  intensities gt 1018 W/cm2, by interaction with
  relativistics electrons. Examples are sources
  based on inverse Compton scattering or plasma
  surface harmonics.

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High Harmonic Generation Attosecond VUV Pulses
Setup
EUV spectrum
M. Ferray et al., JPhysB 21, L31 (1988). X. F.
Li, A. L'Huillier, M. Ferray, L. A. Lompre, and
G. Mainfray, Physical Review A 39, 5751 (1989).
Characteristics Attosecond pulses Discrete (odd)
harmonics Limited tunability Linear
polarization Conversion efficiency 10-5 at
100 nm lt 10-7 at 10 nm
F. Quéré,CEA
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High harmonics from relativistic plasma surfaces
Sharp edged plasma driven by incident laser
acting as oscillating, relativistic mirror
Gordienko et al. PRL 93, 115001, 2004
George Tsakiris et al., NJP 8, 19, (2006)
Relativistic plasma mirror HHG European
X-FEL
.
Table M.Zepf, QUB
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Photon Sources ---- Laser based
Sources Comparison of Peak Brilliance with
Accelerator based Sources
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Summary Laser based Sources
Attosecond pulses While considerable RD is
still required for these novel VUV- and X-ray
sources, the dynamics of the field gives rise to
high expectations for a bright future. While
laser based sources in general are single user
experiments, Major resources (at the 108 level)
have been allocated to construct novel laser
based VUV- and X-ray facilities, or combinations
of lasers and accelerators. However, open
issues like stability, average power, broad band
spectral coverage, lack of circular polarization
etc. make a synergetic coexistence between laser-
and accelerator-based VUV- and X-ray sources a
foreseeable and fruitful future
scenario. Scientists should benefit across fields
www.extreme-light-infrastructure.eu
www.hiper-laser.org
http//www.newlightsource.org/
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Photon Source Properties
Correlation with Science
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X-ray microscopy - applications
X-ray microscopy needs High average
Brilliance Tunability(spectromicroscopy)
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DNA packing and activation in cells
????
J. McNally, H. Müller G. Schneider, P. Guttmann,
S. Rehbein, S. Heim, S. Werner
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High-order DNA organization
150 nm
30 nm
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Electromigration in microprocessors

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How is a microprocessor destroyed ?
X-ray microscopy movies of electromigration in
microprocessors
Low-k Si-C Dielektrika
Diffusions-barriere
KupferLeiterbahn
Löcher
Korngrenzen
G. Schneider, E. Szech
Klick auf das Bild startet den Film
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Photoemission Microscopy Imaging Catalytic
Function nm spatial resolution meets surface
sensitivity and chemical specificity
Catalysis
Environmental Sciences
M. Labrenz et al. SCIENCE 290, 1744 (2000) C.S.
Chan et al. SCIENCE 303, 1656 (2003)
PEEM/SPES (Scanning PES) from ZnS and FeOOH
producing bacteria ?
E. De Smit et al. NATURE 456, 222 (2008)
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The SMART ProjectU-Würzburg, FHI, TU-Darmstadt,
LEO
Design Specifications Spatial resolution 2
nm Energy resolution 0.1 eV
Requires High Average Brilliance Energy
resolution/tunability Space charge limitations
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Electronic Properties of (single) Nanostructures
Ultra-high resolution ARPES --- nanostructures
--- oxides
S. V. Borisenko, A. A. Kordyuk, V. Zabolotnyy, A.
Koitzsch, M. Knupfer, J. Fink, B. Büchner S.
Molodtsov, C. Laubschat, R. Weber, R.
Follath, H. Dürr, W. Eberhardt
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Exploring the materials properties of
size-selected clusters
XPS ---- High peak brilliance (pulsed source)
----- Synchronization (N)EXAFS, CMXD (ion trap)
---- high average brilliance --- tunability
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Potential Hydrogen Storage Material

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Movies of Chemical Reactions Analyzing and
Controlling Photochemistry and Photosynthesis
FROM TO
XPS and Scattering ---- High Peak Brilliance
---- fs synchronization
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Science Beyond 3rd Generation Light Sources
ERL
FEL
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Photon Sources ---- Summary

• Science for future generation X-Ray Sources is
  very compelling
• Source parameters needed
• are not covered by a single type of source

High peak brilliance Fs synchronized
pulses Full coherence
High average brilliance Excellent energy
resolution Ready tunability Many pulses
Attosecond synchronized pulses
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Photon Sources ---- EXTRA SLIDES
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Photon Sources Characteristics --- Average
brilliance
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Photon Source Characteristics --- Peak brilliance
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Photon Source Characteristics --- Photons/pulse
and Repetition rate
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Photon Source Characteristics --- Transform
limited pulses