Selection of Appropriate Batteries for HEVs and PHEVs

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Selection of Appropriate Batteries for HEVs and
PHEVs Patrick T. Moseley Advanced LeadAcid
Battery Consortium

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Contents
1. The wind of change in automobile design 2. HEV
battery performance requirements 3. Enabling VRLA
in HEV duty 4. Vehicle demonstrations 5.
Conclusion
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CO2 Emission Targets
Europe 130 g CO2 per km by 2015 (95 g/km by
2020) USA 160 g CO2 per km by
2020 (presently 204 g/km) Japan 138 g CO2
per km by 2015
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Costs and Benefits of Different Types of Hybrid
Electric Automobile
EECPS AABC 2008
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Types of Hybrid Electric Automobile
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EIA Alternative technology vehicles will
Constitute v54 of light-duty vehicle sales by
2030
US DOE Energy Information Administration Annual
Energy Outlook 2009 Reference Case
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Ragone Plot for several Battery Chemistries
M. Winter Advanced Battery Technologies for
Automobiles Conference, Essen 2009
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Key FreedomCAR Performance Goals
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Ragone Plot with Freedom Car Goal for Maximum
Power-Assist Hybrid marked as
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Far and away the most affordablebattery option
is leadacid
Batteries in HE autos are small ( 1 kWh) so
that there is little weight penalty 98 of
leadacid batteries are recycled Leadacid
battery manufacturing capability is in
place Leadacid presents no fire/explosion
hazard
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But there is one problem - Negative plate
sulfation (PCL3)
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Charge and discharge currents experienced by
Insight battery during hard driving
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Battery/Capacitor Combination works successfully
in HEV Duty
PbO2 C
PbO2 Pb
Hybrid Super-capacitor Power - Yes Energy - No
Leadacid cell Energy - Yes Power - No
Combination Power and energy OK
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Configuration of the UltraBattery
The UltraBattery is a hybrid energy-storage
device, which combines an asymmetric capacitor
and a lead-acid battery in one unit cell, without
extra electronic control.
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UltraBattery
Combined battery/asymmetric supercapacitor
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Cycling Performance(Under EUCAR Power Assist
Profile)
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Ultra Battery Installed in Honda Insight- fits
in the volume originally occupied by NiMH
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Power-assist HEV on Road Test with ULTRA VRLA
battery
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UltraBattery 12 module voltages matched well at
the start of the test
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Module voltages during emission test after
100,000 miles matched better than at start
without conditioning!
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JSAE, Yokohama, June 2008
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Battery for a Power-assist HEV (1kWh)
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Comparing the Costs of Lead-Acid with Nickel
Metal Hydride (NiMH) Lithium Li-Ion
The Ultrabattery, demonstrated by the ALABC, has
exceeded the benchmark goals established by the
US Advanced Battery Consortium.
Assumptions 12,000 Miles/Year, Battery size
1KWH Fuel 4/Gal - 640/Yr, Conventional 30MPG,
Hybrid 50 MPG Current cost at least equal to NiMH
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Homogeneous Carbon-supplemented Negative


i
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PbO2
Pb with Carbon electrode
Cell with dual-function (Faradaic and capacitive)
negative plate has the carbon blended with the
active material. Even simpler than the Ultra
Battery.
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Cells with the carbon blended into the active
material.
Changes in negative-plate potential during
simulated HEV cycling - Upper curves EOCV, lower
EODV.
CF1 0.4 m2g-1, CB5 1400 m2g-1
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Batteries with carbon blended in to active
material
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Bipolar Design
ALABC Identifier Effpower Battery
type Bipolar Vehicle Honda Civic
IMA Voltage 158 V
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Further Progress on the Horizon
The carbon/capacitor solution to battery
performance is stimulating additional research
that promises even more progress in lead-acid
technology. For example
Most batteries through the years have
used monopolar technology with two plates per
cell and each cell connected with metallic
connectors. With bi-polar technology, cells are
stacked in a sandwich construction to that the
negative plate of one cell becomes the positive
plate of the next. Fewer plates and connections
are required. The bi-polar advantage greater
power with less weight in a smaller package.
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VRLA Batteries designed for power-assist operation
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Honda Civic Test Cycle
Test uses a mix of aggressive high-speed and city
course running
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Civic Test
Track testing ran for 40,000 km at
Millbrook. Bench test of battery to identical
protocol completed 170,000 km without failure.
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Vauxhall Combo van for retro-fit plug-in hybrid
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Hybrid Fuel Cell Bus will be equipped with
high-carbon VRLA battery
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Honda Civic HEV to be equipped with Ultra battery
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Conclusions
When the present range of hybrid electric
automobiles was designed the only battery
capable of performing the necessary function was
the nickel metal hydride type. The ALABC, which
is a world-wide group of 53 companies, has shown
how leadacid batteries can be produced
to fulfill the necessary requirements, with no
loss of function, but with a large reduction in
cost.
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Thank You
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