Bringing Digital Technology Back to Earth

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Bringing Digital Technology Back to Earth

• Presented by
• Ken Dozier
• USC Viterbi School of EngineeringNASA Far West
  Technology Transfer Center

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Technology Transfer

• NASA Mission Transfer technology developed in
  the space program to the private sector,
• Across all 50 States
• Special focus on SME
• Technology in Space Industry should be a
  technological windfall to the U.S. economy
• Windfall - unexpected gain, blessing, unsolicited
  advantage, serendipity, stroke of luck, pleasant
  surprise, godsend, boon, bonanza

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Digital Resolutions
ATSC 480p (300Kp)
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SMPTE
Source SMPTE Motion Imaging Feb/Mar 2004
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High Definition Imaging

• Changer verbage for MER stuff.
• Change picture
• The data was compressedusing Microsofts Media
  Player 9
• The projector is being driven by a PC not a HD
  video deck

Shuttle/Earth footage
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A New Paradigm - Economical Technologies

• Digital Camera for Acquisition
• Immediate feedback for everyone
• Immediate editing, color correction, immediate
  post
• Computer(s) Storage
• Server Farms
• On line conform, color correction, effects,
  format conversion
• Mastering
• Digital Projection Screening Room
• No tape or film

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Cinema Master Workflow
Source A Data-Centric Approach to Cinema
Mastering Thomas J. True, SGI
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Acquisition
Camera Thompson Viper Camera 1080p Output
444 10-bit log dpx format (1920 x 1080)
Capture Directors Friend Camera Sony
F950 Output 444 10-bit Linear RGB CIF format
(1920 x 1080) Capture Dual HD-SDI tapeless
system
Image courtesy of Thompson Grass Valley
Image courtesy of Sony
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Post Production
eFilm Configuration
Imagica Film Scanners
CXFS SAN 52 TB TP4900 Brocade Switches
Laser Film Output
ELab Real-time Coloring Timing and Dust-busting SG
I Onyx 3400
Visual Effects Optical House Titling House
Multiversion Rendering SGI Origin 300
Edit Rendering SGI Origin 300
ELab Real-time Film Stock Emulation SGI Onyx 3400
Backup Server SGI Origin 300
DLP Projection Screening Theater
Source Digital Infrastructure Solution for
Production J. Farney, SGI
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Distribution Media Bandwidth
Async. Transfer Mode (ATM)

• Satellite
• Land-based/ Wired broadband
• Physical digital media

Gigabit Ethernet
IEEE 1394 / Firewire
LASER / Fast Ethernet
10BaseT / CAT 5
Microwave / Ethernet
G3 / Wireless LAN
DSL/ Cable
G2 Wireless
G1 Wireless
Source 1999 Fall Meeting, Community
Development Council, Chuck Matthews INFOWORLD,
Sept. 2000
B01-017
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Projection

• Digital Light Processing (DLP)Developed at Texas
  Instruments max resolution (2048 x 1080)
• Direct Drive Image Light Amplifier
  (DLIA)Developed at JVCmax resolution (2048 x
  1536)

Image courtesy of TI
Image courtesy of JVC
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HDTV Title (acquition)Pasadena

• Boom mounted Sony F900 camera allowed close
  moves.
• Shot _at_ 1920 x 1080
• One day of shooting (4 hours of material)
• Cameraman used HD Monitor not Eyepiece.
• Tiny Projector _at_ 1024 x 768Cinema projector _at_
  1280 x 1024

Pasadena-clip-1
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HDTV Title(post production)Pasadena

• Adobe Premiere using proxy images
• Down sampled to 480 x 240 images for editing on
  ordinary PC
• Time Code was not used or needed

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HDTV Title (distribution) Pasadena

• Full 1920 x 1080 resolution HD conformed on a PC
• Finished HD playback 1280 x 720. (720P)

Pasadena-clip
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NASA Technology

• Millions in Government funded RD
• Special programs for SMEs
• Available for Licensing and Commercial
  Development
• Help in accessing information is available
  through USCs Engineering Technology Transfer
  Center
• See the web page at http//www.usc.edu/go/TTC

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Technology Opportunities
DIGITAL VIDEO QUALITY

• PROBLEM ADDRESSED Evaluation of visual quality
  of digital video (HDTV)
• TECHNICAL APPROACH A computationally efficient
  metric based on human visual processing (1)
  Comparison of one or more selected features
  (image frames, color channels, rows of blocks,
  columns of blocks, horizontal spatial
  frequencies, or vertical spatial frequencies) of
  processed digital sequences of the image under
  evaluation and a reference image (2) Processing
  consisting of sampling, cropping, and color
  transformations, blocking, acceleration of
  spatial filtering by taking discrete cosine
  transforms, temporal filtering and normalization
  to visual thresholds
• POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS Any digital display, e.g.
  HDTV
• BENEFITS (1) Quantitative assessment of display
  quality that incorporates properties or human
  visual processing, (i.e., dynamic adaptation to
  changing brightness, luminance, and chromatic
  channels, spatial and temporal filtering, spatial
  frequency channels, dynamic contrast masking, and
  summation of probabilities) (2) Requires only
  modest computational resources to compute metrics
  in real time

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Technology Opportunities
VISARImage Stabilization and Registration

• PROBLEM ADDRESSED VISAR is a computer algorithm
  that corrects for zoom, tilt, and jitter
• TECHNICAL APPROACH By combining several video
  images together, noise can be averaged out among
  the frames and the video frames can be centered
  on the screen.
• BENEFITS(1) Stabilize, sharpen, and brighten
  image sequences and stills(2) Steadying and
  reducing the noise in the images, brings out a
  wealth of information, revealing new, previously
  obscured details
• POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS Surveillance, crime
  scene footage, sting operations, and
  dash-mounted video cameras, Security, video feed
  from aircraft, target identification and
  confirmation, training, and event reconstruction
  

Images courtesy of NASA Ames Vision group
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VIDEO DISPLAY ENGINEERING AND OPTIMIZATION SYSTEM
Technology Opportunities
PROBLEM ADDRESSED Computer-aided design (CAD)
of visual displays TECHNICAL APPROACH (1)
Programmable computer with a number of discrete
software modules for modeling display system
components (2) Integration of models of circuit,
electro-optics, surface geometry, and
physiological optics components to simulate
performance of display POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS
Design of displays and control interfaces in a
variety of applications e.g., avionics and
automotive displays, computer system displays,
telecommunications systems, data display systems,
entertainment systems BENEFITS (1) Avoids
costly and time consuming iterative conventional
design process (2) All system elements included
in simulation, with ability to modify each
individually (3) Objective performance
measurement with comparisons to a a standard
system design (4) Capability of combining
empirical data with theoretical models in
simulation
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Technology Opportunities
DISTRIBUTED INTELLIGENT AGENTS FOR
INFORMATIONMANAGEMENT AND SHARING (DIAMS)
PROBLEM ADDRESSED Management and sharing of
information distributed over the
Internet TECHNICAL APPROACH Gathering,
organizing, and sharing of relevant information
on the Internet by integrating knowledge-based,
neural network and genetic algorithm technologies
in distributed and collaborative information
agents (1) Information access based on
dynamically organized views of personal
information repositories using knowledge-based
and neural network representation and indexing
(2) Organization of information based on
observing users preferences for organizing
information (3) Knowledge exchange protocol for
collaboration using distributed automated agents
incorporating multi-attribute network objects,
added semantic knowledge, and symbolic processing
capabilities POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS Widely
usable for efficient information gathering on the
WWW by individuals and for sharing of information
for collaboration e.g., for distributed
manufacturing, joint research projects, military
deployments, etc. BENEFITS (1) Rapid and
effective access to information for both
individuals and work groups (2) Dynamically
adaptive, avoiding static, hierarchical and
monolithic shortcomings of some current Internet
information aids (3) Flexible interface
protocols, permitting use of existing tools and
capabilities (4) Reduction in amount of
irrelevant information in WWW searches
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AUTOMATION OF INFORMATION ACQUISITION AND
MANIPULATION (AIMS)
Technology Opportunities
PROBLEM ADDRESSED Improvement in data search,
retrieval, discovery, and processing TECHNICAL
APPROACH Automatic manipulation of digital
information with Java-based software that (1)
automates the collection and formatting of
different data types, followed by (2) complete
integration of the data for processing, analysis,
and extraction of results POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS
Any area in which large amounts of disparate
data must be collected and manipulated, e.g.
medical imaging monitoring and control of
industrial processes processing of data in
geosciences, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals
development of maps of terrain and demographic
information etc. BENEFITS (1) A powerful,
flexible system that is broadly applicable (2)
Reduction in manual labor (3) Performance of
tasks in real and near-real time (4) A
comprehensive system that not only gathers data,
but also identifies, processes and tracks desired
information
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ADAPTIVE RELEVANCE-LEARNING SYSTEM (ARNIE)
Technology Opportunities
PROBLEM ADDRESSED Adaptive information indexing
and retrieval agent TECHNICAL APPROACH A
computerized personal librarian assistant using a
neural network that is dynamically configured
with a genetic algorithm (1) Learns users
interests based on how they organize information,
enabling the encoding of information according to
relevance and structure (2) Permits user
feedback on resource utility which is then used
to dynamically update ranking of
resources POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS Widely usable
for information gathering under various contexts
e.g., already used in a Boeing Portable
Maintenance Aid, NASA/JSC Adaptive Hyperman
Electronic Documentation system in mission
control, and WebTagger a personal bookmarking
service for Web-based information
resources. BENEFITS (1) Rapid and effective
access to relevant information, with minimization
of irrelevant information (2) Efficacy proven
(e.g., 94.8 relevance on retrieved materials
when user profile known vs. 10 relevance for
unlearned user profile) (3) System accessible
from Internet
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Technology Opportunities
ADVANCES IN PARALLEL COMPUTING ON ADAPTIVE GRIDS
PROBLEM ADDRESSED Optimization of parallel
computing on unstructured grids TECHNICAL
APPROACH Five approaches, comprising (1)
Improvements in rates and efficiency through
multithreading (2) Partitioning of computational
loads among the parallel processors by use of
self-avoiding walk algorithm (3) A load
balancing strategy for integrating all major
components, including interfaces between a
parallel mesh-adapting code and a data remapping
module (4) Balancing loads using a global view
that is updated each time the grid is adapted
(5) Load balancing based on symmetric broadcast
networks POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS Any adaptive
grid tying together parallel processors, e.g. in
networks of supercomputers for rapid computation
of complex problems, for weather and climate
change forecasting, for scientific computing in
biology, chemistry, and physics, etc. BENEFITS
(1) Increased computing rates and efficiencies
(2) Reduction of clashes in use of computing
resources (3) More equitable use of computing
resources, with particular computing assignments
matched to capabilities (4) Real-time
optimization of grid
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SCALABLE HIERARCHICAL NETWORK MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMFOR DISPLAYING NETWORK INFORMATION IN
THREE DIMENSIONS
Technology Opportunities

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PROBLEM ADDRESSED Hierarchical network
management and control TECHNICAL APPROACH A
three tier network management system comprising
(1) Simple network management protocol (SNMP)
agents distributed at one or more sites (2)
Server module configured exclusively for
hierarchical network management protocol (HNMP)
communications, connected with input-output
modules that are configured for both SNMP and
HNMP (3) Management aided by informationally
complete and non-iconified views provided of
network elements, with network information
displayed in three dimensions POTENTIAL
APPLICATIONS Generally applicable to any local
or wide area network of computers particularly
useful for management of large high speed
networks BENEFITS (1) A distributed
architecture system based on open, published,
standard (2) Capability of displaying network
information at multiple levels without hiding
data behind other data (3) No editing of
displays required of user (4) Capability of
monitoring networks having multiple managerial
points of control (5) Not limited in scalability
(6) Not subject to data overload (7) Does not
provide false information due to data flow
latency (8) Substantial user involvement not
required
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AUTOMATED TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND METHOD,
AND REAL-TIME SURFACE TRAFFIC ADVISER
Technology Opportunities

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PROBLEM ADDRESSED Real-time data management
system for data generated at different rates by
many incompatible data sources TECHNICAL
APPROACH (1) A client-server expert system for
fusing data from a variety of sources, with means
of establishing, predicting, and updating
reference data values (2) electronic
communications system for facilitating
information sharing between different domains of
control (3) Easy-to-understand electronic
display of data POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS
Scheduling of movement of multiple vehicles, such
as aircraft at airports, marine vessels in
harbors and ports, trucks or railroad cars in
shipping and switching yards Useful also for
managing containers at shipping docks and stock
in factories or warehouses Simulation and
training tool for operators BENEFITS (1)
Control and management in a broad system-wide
context (2) Optimization of resource allocation
(3) Enhanced safety through improved situational
awareness (4) Automatic archiving in an
information system database (5) Efficacy
demonstrated in a large airport hub (Atlanta)
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Technology Opportunities
SPATIAL STANDARD OBSERVER

• PROBLEM ADDRESSED Numerical measure of the
  perceptual intensity and difference of an image
• POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS Photometric instruments,
  copiers, video codecs, displays, graphics
  software, Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
  systems
• BENEFITS (1) Allows quantitative assessment of
  the goodness of a single image or comparison of
  two images

Spatial Standard Algorithm
Difference?
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Technology Opportunities
DCTUNE IMAGE COMPRESSION TECHNOLOGY

• PROBLEM ADDRESSED Improvement of digital image
  compression
• TECHNICAL APPROACH Discrete cosine transform
  (DCT) compression of image customized
  quantization matrix to image, using(1)
  Luminance masking(2) Contrast masking (3) Error
  pooling(4) Entropy coding
• POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS Internet multimedia,
  cable TV, HDTV, motion picture transmission
  archival, still or motion picture editing,
  digital copiers scanners, digital facsimile
  machines, digital still-and video-cameras
• BENEFITS Minimum perceptual error for any bit
  rate, or minimum bit rate for a given perceptual
  error can be used as add-on SW module to existing
  imaging workstations

Original
Optimized
Images courtesy of NASA Ames Vision group
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Coral Reef Adventures
42 minutes movie Windows Media 9 1080p 24
fps. Shot originally in IMAX Screened with
permission by MacGillivray Freeman Films
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Mars Rover Animation
6 minutes movie Animated in LightWave Rendered in
Pixar RenderMan Windows Media 9 1080p 24 fps.
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Brought to you by
The NASA Far West Regional Technology Transfer
Center
http//www.usc.edu/go/TTC