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The Finger Print Code The Story of Francis Galton
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Who Was Francis Galton?

• A British Scientist
• Creator of Eugenics
• An Explorer
• A Mathematician
• A Pioneering Meteorologist

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• Whenever you can, count.Quoted in J R
  Newman, The World of Mathematics (New York 1956).
• 1822-1911

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February 16, 1822

• Born in Sparkbrook, England
• The youngest of seven children
• A middle-class family of Quaker faith.
• His grandfather, on his mothers side, was also
  the grandfather of Charles Darwin, therefore
  making Francis and Charles cousins.

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During the 1820s

• President James Monroe asks Congress to recognize
  several newly independent republics in Latin
  America, among them Argentina, Mexico, Colombia,
  and Peru.
• John Quincy Adams is elected president (1824-28)
• First American railroad completed in Quincy,
  Massachusetts
• Noah Webster publishes American Dictionary of the
  English Language.
• Information Retrieved from http//guweb2.gonzaga
  .edu/faculty/campbell/enl311/1820t.htm

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Destined to Medicine

• In 1838, at the age of 16, Galton was apprenticed
  to the house surgeon at the Birmingham General
  Hospital.
• A year in the medical department at Kings
  College followed.

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During the 1830s

• U. S. population 12,866,020
• Birth of Emily Dickinson (d. 1886)
• Britain prohibits slavery in her colonies.
• Texans capture Santa Anna at the Battle of San
  Jacinto.
• Removal of 15,000-17,000 Cherokee Indians from
  Georgia on the "Trail of Tears" results in 4,000
  deaths
• Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote Nature

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From Medicine to Math

• In 1840 Galton attended Trinity College in
  Cambridge. He had intended on a degree in
  medicine, but he became more excited about
  mathematics.
• However, his father became ill and Francis spent
  more time caring for him that he was unable to
  continue his studies.
• His father, Samuel, died from a fatal illness in
  1844.

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During the 1840s

• Oregon Trail Opened- On May 22, 1843 nearly 1,000
  settler began an overland trip to the Pacific.
• Telegraph Begun -The first inter-city telegraph
  was demonstrated by Samuel Morse.
• Oregon Treaty The United States and Great
  Britain ended their dispute over the Oregon
  Territory with a compromise.
• Gold Discovered in California -In January 1849,
  President Polk announced that gold had been found
  in California.
• Information from http//www.multied.com/../dates/
  1840ad.html

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A Gentleman is born.

• After his fathers death he had inherited a
  steady income that allowed him to be free from
  continuing formal education. However, Galton
  found himself in sad times and after traveling to
  Egypt for awhile, he settled into life as a
  country gentleman.

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An Emerging Scientist

• Galton, restless, ready many books and continued
  his exploration and travel. In 1850 he decided
  to focus on exploration of the Africa continent,
  a hobby that landed him a special place in the
  British scientific world and a member of the
  Royal Geographical Society.

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During the 1850s

• California Gains Statehood-On September 9th 1850,
  
• In 1852, the novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin" was
  published.
• Oil Well Started
• In May 1851 the Erie Railroad reached Dunkirk New
  York on Lake Erie.
• First National Women's Convention- The first
  national Women's Conference was held in
  Worcester, Massachusetts.

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His Talent Developed

• Galton then became dedicated to science and made
  several contributions to the fields of
  meteorology, and anthropology.
• Galton felt that intelligence and character in a
  person was a result of genetic makeup and not
  environmental factors. This led him to discover
  what he most notable for Eugenics

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Eugenics A Controversial Idea

• While the definition of eugenics has varied
  slightly over the years, the idea of eugenics is
  selective breeding. Francis thought that people
  should marry and have children with people who
  had desirable genes, such as knights, nobles, and
  other upper class citizens.
• This idea meant that marriage would be more like
  an interview, people would select their mate
  based on characteristics that they wanted in
  their future children.

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• Not everyone agreed with this of course! Galton
  wanted to eliminate unfavorable characteristics
  which, according to him, would be anything from
  hair color, size, and intelligence, to dance
  ability, voice, and hereditary diseases.

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During the 1860s

• Pasteurization Introduced In 1861, thanks to
  Louis Pastuers work on microorganisms,
  pasteurization was introduced to milk and other
  foods to preserve them.
• The Civil War begins. Ft. Sumter Fort Sumter
  refused to surrender to the Confederates.
• Battle of Gettysburg
• On April 7th, Lee's surrounded (and hungry) army
  was forced to surrender. The civil war ends.
• Lincoln Assassinated -Just six days after the
  South surrendered, President Lincoln was shot by
  an assassin, while attending a play at Ford's
  Theater.

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A Famous Scientist

• The 1860s saw Francis Galton as a leading
  scientist in Britain and highly regarded in the
  scientific community.
• (It wasnt until 1909 however, that he was
  knighted for his scientific findings!)

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During the 1870s

• Charles Dickens died in 1870. Dickens was a
  prolific English writer who wrote some of the
  most enduring stories written in the English
  language.
• Franco Prussian War
• Chicago Fire- On October 8th, a fire broke out in
  the west side of Chicago. The fire lasted two
  days, killing 300 people, and destroying most of
  Chicago. Property damages were estimated at 200
  million dollars.
• On March 1st 1875 the Civil Rights Act of 1875
  was passed.
• On March 10, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell
  successfully tested the first telephone.

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During the 1880s

• President Garfield was shot on July 2nd as he
  walked through the waiting room of the Baltimore
  Potomac Railroad in Washington.
• The British invaded Egypt in response to anti
  foreign riots.
• The Japanese received their first written
  constitution.
• Modern American Navy Begun- On March 3, the US
  Congress approved the construction of three steel
  cruisers.

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During the 1890s

• Eiffel Tower -In 1890 the Eiffel Tower was
  completed.
• Van Gogh Dies -On July 29, 1890 Vincent Van Gogh
  the Dutch painter dies. During his lifetime he
  sold only one painting becoming successful only
  upon death.
• Womens Suffrage Groups Merge-The nation's two
  largest women's organizations, the National Woman
  Suffrage Association and the American Women's
  Suffrage Organization, merged to form the
  National American Women's Suffrage Association.
  NAWSA was dedicated to obtaining the vote for
  women
• Ellis Island Opens -The flood of immigration
  forced the federal government to open up a new
  center for immigrant processing in a new center
  for immigrant processing in New York harbor.

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Galtons Photo Album
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• This handsome man is Galton, featuring a very
  stylish outfit that was customary of the times.

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A young Galton, while attending Cambridge
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Galton, just before departing for Southern
Africa, in his late 20s.
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Francis Galton, at age 28.
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Wife Louis Jane Butler and Francis Galton
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Galton with wife Louisa in their early marriage.
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• Galton in the 1880s or 1890s

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• At age 38

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Francis Galton, age 66
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Galton with Karl Pearson, age 87.
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Turn of the Century 1900s

• 76,000,000 Americans in 48 states 
• 8,000 cars - 10 miles of paved roads 
• Average worker made 12.98/week for 59 hours
• By 1906, 15 states had speed limits of 20 miles
  per hour.
• During this decade, safety in food processing and
  the environment became issues and laws were
  enacted.
• These years also saw the establishment of
  National and American League of Baseball (leading
  to the birth of the World Series),
• Information From http//kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/decad
  e00.html

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Galtons Contributions

• Galton made many contributions to the field of
  science besides his ideas of eugenics. For
  example, he introduced the use of charts to show
  air pressure in weather patterns.

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Galton the Detective?

• Galton also made a huge contribution to science
  by discovering a method of identification by
  using peoples fingerprints. This is widely used
  today by many detectives including the F.B.I.,
  police, C.I.A. and many other agencies world wide
  to identify criminals and suspects.

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During the 1910s

• Vacation  12 day cruise  60
• Milk .32 / gallon
• Population  92,407,000
• The Progressive Era lasted from 1895 until World
  War I.  This was a period of unrest and reform.
• A commission found that up to 20 of the
  children living in cities were undernourished,
  education took second place to hunger and while
  children worked, only one-third enrolled in
  elementary school and less than 10 graduated
  from high school. 
• Sinking of the Titanic on April 15, 1912 when
  more than 1500 people lost their lives.

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A Scientist Remembered?

• Galton died on January 17, 1911.
• Galton, some historians say, is not credited
  enough for his scientific discoveries. This
  could be a result of his controversial views
  about race, culture and selective breeding.
• While everyone will not agree with his theories,
  he is unarguably a pioneering enthusiast to the
  field of science.

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A Legacy

• Francis Galton left so many contributions to
  science and math behind, it is impossible to
  mention them all!
• Check out the link below for some interesting
  facts and figures about Francis Galton!
• http//www.mugu.com/galton/start.html

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Wait A Minute!!

• What about those fingerprints?! Galton published
  his findings on identifying finger prints in
  1892.
• Would you like to learn more? Lets learn about
  finger print identification!!