So what is AI

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So what is AI?
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What is AI?

• Views of AI fall into four categories
• Thinking humanly Thinking rationally
• Acting humanly Acting rationally
• The textbook advocates "acting rationally"

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Why do we need AI?

• Computer vs. Human
• Strength Weakness

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How about Savage vs. Human?
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Captcha!
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Thinking/Acting humanly

• Can machines really think like a human?
• The Chinese Room argument

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Acting Humanly Turing Test

• Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and
  intelligence"
• "Can machines think?" ? "Can machines behave
  intelligently?"
• Operational test for intelligent behavior the
  Imitation Game
• Suggested major components of AI language
  understanding, knowledge, reasoning, learning
• Nobody is really designing a Turing Test Machine

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Thinking humanly cognitive modeling

• Understand how human brains work
• Requires scientific theories of internal
  activities of the brain
• Now distinct from AI
• Called cognitive science
• Human intelligence depends on unconscious
  instinct rather than conscious symbolic logic

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Thinking rationally "laws of thought"

• Study the right ways of thinking logic
• Several Greek schools developed various forms of
  logic notation and rules of derivation for
  thoughts
• Program exists that can in principle solve any
  logical problem
• Problems
• Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by
  logical deliberation
• The knowledge is not 100 certain
• Solve a problem in principle is not enough!

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Acting rationally rational agent

• Rational behavior doing the right thing
• without proving it is the best thing to do
• The right thing which is expected to maximize
  goal achievement, given the available information
• Doesn't necessarily involve thinking, but
  thinking should be in the service of rational
  action

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Humanly vs. Rationally

• Humanly
• Empirical science
• Involves hypothesis and experimentation
• Rationally
• Mathematics (thinking)
• Engineering (acting)

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A brief history of AI

• Dartmouth conference (1956)
• Large amount of research in the 60s
• Simple problem solver, logic theorem prover,
• People got over-optimistic of AI
• First AI winter (70s)
• First Revival (80s)
• Expert system, billion business
• Second AI winter (85-90s)
• Second revival (90s now)
• Increasing computing power, multi-disciplinary
  approach, mathematical methods, focus on
  sub-problems

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State of the art

• Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess
  champion Garry Kasparov in 1997
• Proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins
  conjecture) unsolved for decades
• No hands across America (driving autonomously 98
  of the time from Pittsburgh to San Diego)
• During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an
  AI logistics planning and scheduling program that
  involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people
  
• NASA's on-board autonomous planning program
  controlled the scheduling of operations for a
  spacecraft
• Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most
  humans

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State of the art Game playing
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State of the art DARPAs Urban Challenge

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vGmERrJXhoUQ
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vRI4JopnCrZI

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State of the art NASAs Rover on Mars

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vPb8riJ_mmiofeature
  related
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vUyM1bgKWzngfeature
  related

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Tasks of AI

• Reasoning
• Solve puzzles, play games, prove theorems
• Different from human solvers
• Facing resource limitations (time and space)
• Knowledge representation
• How to represent intuitions
• Planning
• Learning unsupervised, supervised, reinforced
• Natural language processing
• Vision

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Fundamental Tools for AI

• Search
• Logic
• Probabilistic models
• Bayesian networks, HMM, CRF
• Statistical learning
• Classification, clustering, regression

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Course overview

• Introduction (chapters 1,2)
• Deterministic world
• Search (chapters 3-6)
• Representation and reasoning (chapters 7-10)
• Planning (chapters 11-12)
• Stochastic world
• Reasoning and planning (chapters 13-17)
• Learning (chapters 18-21)