GIRDING FOR WAR NORTH AND SOUTH

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CHAPTER 21

• GIRDING FOR WAR NORTH AND SOUTH

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The beginning--- Lincoln takes office in Mar. of
1861

• Seven states had left the union at the election
  of Lincoln
• Lincolns Inaugural address was firm yet
  conciliatory.
• He puts the burden of war on the souths head

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Fort Sumter

• When Lincoln takes office there are only two
  forts in the south still controlled by the North.
  Fort Sumter was one.
• It only had provision for only a few weeks.
  Without supplies it would have to surrender.
• Lincoln could not let that happen, but he could
  not send troops because that would provoke war.
• He chose to provision the fort not reinforce,
  and he notifies South Carolina.
• The South regarded it as aggression and fired on
  the Fort April 12 at 430 am.
• The firing on fort Sumter excited the North to a
  fighting pitch.
• Lincoln issues a call for 75,000 volunteers and
  so many showed up that some were turned away.
• With Lincolns call for troops the South reacted
  with a call for troops and more states secede.

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Border States

• Eleven States join the confederacy
• Five states which had slaves remained Loyal to
  the Union
• Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and
  West Virginia
• If the north had fired the first shot the border
  states would have probably seceded.
• These states had a white population more than
  half that of
• the entire confederacy.
• Maryland Kentucky and Missouri would almost
  double the manufacturing capability of the south..

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• The Cumberland and the Tenn. rivers allowed
  northern invasion.
• To keep the border states Lincoln uses
  questionable legality.
• He declares martial law in Maryland because it
  contained Washington.
• He deployed troops in Western Virginia and
  Missouri.
• Lincoln had to be careful that his war aims did
  not send border states packing. Therefore he
  maintained that his goal was to save the Union.
• The border states often sent troops to both
  sides
• In the battle of Vicksburg out of 39 regiments
  sent by Missouri 17 to the south and 22 to the
  Union.

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Southern Advantages

• To conquer the confederacy would require an
  invasion large enough to occupy an area larger
  than most of western Europe.
• Confederate soldiers had the psychological
  advantage of
• fighting in defense of their homes and families.
• The Northern war aims were unclear. Many
  northern Democrats wanted a limited war while
  many Republicans wanted a war to liberate the
  slaves.
• England actively supported the South by
  assisting Confederate blockade runners and
  producing weapons and ships.
• Confederate military leaders were often more
  talented than their northern counterparts.
• The possibility of the help of foreign nations.
• They counted on the need for cotton but Britain
  had an excess of cotton. And the people
  of Europe had Read Uncle Toms Cabin.
• 2. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation makes it
  a war for
• slavery and the people of Europe would not
  support the
• idea of helping the south.

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The norths Advantages

• The north had the strongest economy 3/4 ths of
  the nations wealth.
• The north had most of the railroads.
• The north controlled the sea.
• The North had the larger population 22mil to
  9mill.
• Including 3.5 mill slaves this was added to
  constantly by immigrants.

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Foreign Policy Problems
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The Trent Affair.

• A Union warship stops a British mail steamer and
  forcibly removed 2 confederate diplomats.
• Britain was outraged and they prepared for war
  by sending troops to Canada.
• Britain also demanded the prisoners and an
  apology.
• Lincoln decided that "Only one war at a time"
  and released the prisoners.

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The Alabama

• England had built a ship used by the confederacy
  to raid
• Union Commerce ships. They were not war ships
  Britain said because they left unarmed and picked
  up arms later.
• The Alabama had captured over 60 ships before
  it was destroyed by the Union off the coast of
  France in 1864.
• British commerce raiders eventually capture
  more than 250 ships.

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The Laird Rams

• Ships used for ramming wooden ships with iron
  rams
• Britain had built 2 for the confederacy.
• U.S. Minister Adams said that if delivered it
  would mean war.
• Britain backs down and buys the two ships for
  the Navy.

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The French in Mexico

• Napoleon III had placed Maximilian on the thrown
  of Mexico.
• By sending an army to do this and by placing him
  on the thrown it violated the Monroe Doctrine.
• Napoleon was hoping that the U.S. would fall
  and their plan would work.
• In 1865 Sec. of State Seward threatens to send
  in the troops and the french back down leaving
  Maximilian to fall in 1867.

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Limitations on wartime liberties.

• Lincoln felt that if he did not break the
  constitution a little, there might not be one to
  repair.
• He proclaimed a blockade without congress.
• He increased the size of the federal army w/o
  congress
• He directed the Tres. to advance 2 mill to
  private citizens without congress.
• He suspended Habeas Corpus so that anti
  unionists could be arrested in Maryland. The
  Supreme court said that only congress could do
  so.
• He ordered supervised voting in border states
  making voters walk through Union Troops with
  colored ballots.
• He suspended certain newspapers.

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The Draft

• The confederacy began the draft in 1862
• Rich men could purchase and exemption
• If you had 20 or more slaves you were exempt.
• Rich mans war poor mans fight.

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The North began Conscription in 1863

• In the North you could hire a substitute or by an
  exemption for 300
• Draft riots erupted in New York by the anti-
  black Irish Americans who were often the ones to
  go.

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Paying for the war.

• An income tax was passed for the first time.
• Customs also brought in a lot of money.
• The Morrill Tariff Act of 1861 increased the
  tariff.
• It was both a revenue measure and protectionist
• The U.S. issued Greenbacks backed by the credit
  of the U.S.
• Borrowing was the biggest money raiser
• The National Banking System was created in 1863
• It established a national bank-note currency
• The first unified banking network since the Bank
  of the U.S.
• F. The money was flowing so freely that you
  could almost sell anything to the government and
  a lot of dishonest people made money by selling
  shoddy products.

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THE END