Human Growth

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Human Growth DevelopmentChapters
1-3Introduction
Agenda Lecture Cohort Activity Lecture Theories
Bias Activity Lecture Dominant-Recessive Activity
Knowledge is the ability to make everyone around
you feel smarter.
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• Developmental Psychologythe science to study how
  and why all kinds of people change
• Change is not smooth or linear it occurs in
  different directions (multidirectional).
• Change occurs in different contexts (cohorts,
  SESmulticontextual) and cultures (multicultural)
• Change occurs in 3 domains (mind, body, spirit)
  and is studied by many disciplines
  (multidisciplinary).
• Change is ongoing throughout the lifespan
  (plasticity).

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• Have dinner ready. Plan ahead, even the night
  before to have a delicious mealon time. This is
  a way of letting him know that you have been
  thinking about him and are concerned about his
  needs. Most men are hungry when they come home
  and the prospect of a good meal is part of the
  warm welcome needed.
• Prepare yourself. Take 15 minutes to rest so
  youll be refreshed when he arrives. Touch up
  your makeup, put a ribbon in your hair and be
  fresh looking. He has just been with a lot of
  work-weary people. Be a little gay and a little
  more interesting. His boring day may need a lift.
• Clear away the clutter. Make one last trip
  through the main part of the house just before
  your husband arrives, gathering up books, toys,
  papers, etc. Then run a dust cloth over the
  tables. Your husband will feel he has reached a
  haven of rest and order, and it will give you a
  lift, too.
• Prepare the children. Take a few minutes to wash
  the childrens hands and faces (if they are
  small), comb their hair, and, if necessary,
  change their clothes. They are little treasures
  and he would like to see them play the part.
• Minimize all noise. At the time of his arrival,
  eliminate all noise of the washer, dryer,
  dishwasher, or vacuum. Try to encourage the
  children to be quiet. Be happy to see him, greet
  him with a smile and be glad to see him.
• Some donts. Dont greet him with problems or
  complaints. Dont complain if hes late for
  dinner. Count this as minor when considering what
  he might have gone through that day. Make him
  comfortable. Have him lean back in a comfortable
  chair or suggest he lie down in the bedroom. Have
  a cool or warm drink ready for him. Arrange his
  pillow and offer to take off his shoes. Speak in
  a low, soft, soothing and pleasant voice. Allow
  him to relax and unwind.
• Listen to him. You may have a dozen things to
  tell him, but the moment of his arrival is not
  the time. Let him talk first.
• Make the evening his. Never complain if he does
  not take you out to dinner or other places of
  entertainment. Instead, try to understand his
  world of strain and pressure. Its good to be
  home and relax.

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Research Methods used in Research

• Descriptive methods
• Naturalistic observation
• Laboratory observation
• Case study
• Surveys/Questionnaires/Interviews

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Outside Extra Credit Activity

• In another class, unobtrusively observe your
  professors hand motions or use of a word,
  marking down the number of times the professor
  gestures with his/her hands or uses the word. In
  addition to the count, write 2-3 sentences on
  doing this assignment. Bring your notes for extra
  credit next class?

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• Experimental Method
• Make a hypothesis about how one variable may
  influence another variable
• Choose one variable that the researcher controls
  or changes (Independent variable)
• Measure the other variable to see its response
  (Dependent variable)
• One group of subjects receives the IV
  (Experimental group)
• One group of subjects does not get the IV
  (comparison or control group) or gets a placebo
  (non-active variable made to resemble the IV)
• Individuals are randomly assigned to groups

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How to conduct an Experiment
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• The experimental method can show causation
• IV DV

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• When a variable cannot be controlled or changed,
  you cannot show causation
• Instead, the correlational method is used
• Correlation shows if and how much two variables
  are related or vary together, but it can NOT show
  causation
• For example, there is a correlation between ice
  cream sales and number of rapes, but obviously
  one does not cause the other
• Correlations range from -1.0 to 1.0

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• Research methods that include time
• Cross-sectionaldifferent ages/cohorts
• Longitudinalsame subjects over time
• Cross-sequentialfollow several groups at
  different ages over years

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Group Activity--Design an Experiment

• Pick an idea of interest related to development
  and explain how you would conduct an experiment
• What is your research question? What is your
  hypothesis?
• ID the Independent Variable (IV the one the
  researcher changes between groups)
• ID the Dependent Variable (DV the one the
  researcher measures)
• How will the Experimental and Control Groups
  differ? Any placebos?
• Will it include a time design?

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Chapter TwoTheories of Development
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Theories of Development

• A developmental theory provides general
  principles to explain how and why people change
  as they grow older (i.e., develop).
• There are 5 major theories of development
  Psychoanalytic, Behaviorism, Cognitive,
  Sociocultural, and Epigenetic.
• Which theory do you lean
• toward?

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• 1. The father of a 2-year-old finds that he
  becomes very impatient with his daughter when,
  night after night, she claims she cannot fall
  asleep because of a monster that comes out in
  the dark. Although each night the father tries
  to reassure and comfort his daughter, the next
  morning she does not remember his attempts to
  reason with her regarding her fear. He should
  probably
• ____ a. try to understand the hidden causes and
  meaning of his daughters dreams
• ____ b. give his daughter a reward the following
  morning if she stayed in bed until falling asleep
  the night before
• ____ c. realize that, because of her limited
  intellectual abilities at age 2, she cannot be
  rationally reasoned with
• ____ d. consider how he can structure his
  interactions with his daughter to mentor her
  through her fear
• ____ e. recognize that fears of the dark are
  partly genetic, because they undoubtedly helped
  our species survive

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• 2. Most adults become physiologically aroused
  when they hear the sound of a babys cry. This is
  because
• ____ a. the babys cry evokes unconscious
  memories of their own painful childhood
• ____ b. at some time during their past, the sound
  of a baby crying became associated with another
  stimulus that
• naturally elicited physiological arousal.
• ____ c. they consciously become irritated by the
  distracting sound
• ____ d. nurturing young babies is a developmental
  challenge that all humans face and address in
  culture-specific ways
• ____ e. humans are biologically predisposed to
  respond favorably to an infant crying

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• 3. A pre-teenage boy is not interested in having
  sexual experiences. The most reasonable
  explanation is that
• ____ a. he feels threatened he is denying his
  true feelings, possibly without realizing what
  they are
• ____ b. he has probably had anxiety-producing
  experiences with sex and wants to avoid any
  repetition of these
• experiences
• ____ c. his ideas and values make sexual
  experiences seem wrong or inappropriate for him
  right now
• ____ d. his social, or cultural, background has
  not yet fostered such interests
• ____ e. his biological immaturity means he has
  not yet experienced the hormonal surge of puberty

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• 4. Nine-year-old David is more aggressive in the
  classroom than Maria is. His teacher should
  probably
• ____ a. refer David to a therapist who can get
  him to talk about his repressed urges
• ____ b. give him stars and privileges whenever he
  behaves appropriately
• ____ c. find out why he is not concentrating on
  the material to begin with, have his vision,
  hearing, and other
• perceptual abilities tested.
• ____ d. realize that Davids past social
  interactions have not challenged him to develop
  certain social competencies
• ____ e. consider that boys are naturally somewhat
  more aggressive than girls are

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• 5. Advertisers often incorporate babyishness in
  their promotional symbols because
• ____ a. most adults have hidden urges stemming
  from their childhoods
• ____ b. people are conditioned to act impulsively
  (and, perhaps, spend money) around children
• ____ c. they are afraid of making their sales
  pitches too intellectually complex for the
  average consumer
• ____ d. people in most cultures are socialized to
  respond favorably to babies
• ____ e. adults are genetically predisposed to
  respond favorably to images of infancy

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Chapter Three Heredity and Environment
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• Male and female gametes (sperm and ovum) fuse and
  become a zygote

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• On 22 out of 23 pairs of human chromosomes, the
  matching chromosomes are very closely matched
• The 23rd pair is different
• in females, it is designated XX
• in males, it is designated XY

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• Females always contribute one X
• Males will have 1/2 of the sperm contributing an
  X and the other half contributing a Y

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• Monozygotic twinsidentical twins originate from
  one zygote
• Dizygotic twinsfrom two separate zygotes

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• Zygote begins duplication and division within
  hours after conception
• the 23 pairs of chromosomes duplicate, forming
  two complete sets of the genetic code for that
  person (zygote)
• these two cells then duplicate and divide to
  become four, then eight, and so on

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• Every cell carries an exact copy of the complete
  genetic instructions inherited by the one-celled
  zygote

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• At the 8-cell stage a third process,
  differentiation, occurs
• Cells begin to specialize

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How do the genetic instructions interact?

• Multifactoral traitsinherited traits produced by
  interaction of genes and environment
• Polygenetic traitsinherited traits produced by
  gene interaction

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• Genotypegenetic potential
• Phenotypethe actual appearance of an
  individualcombination of genetic potential and
  expression

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• Additive genesone of a number of genes affecting
  a specific trait
• each additive gene contributes to the trait
  fairly equally

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• The dominant-recessive pattern
• gene showing the most influence is referred to as
  dominant
• gene showing the least influence is referred to
  as recessive

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Genetic Principles
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Dominant-Recessive

• Try these combinations
• Mom has Brown eyes (one Br, one Bl) and Dad has
  Blue eyes (two Bl)
• Mom has Brown eyes (two Br) and Dad has Brown
  eyes (one Br, one Bl)
• Mom has Blue eyes and Dad has blue eyes

Bl
Bl
Br
Bl