NATIONAL SPATIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM

1
The National Geodetic Survey ADJUST Processing
Workshop
Renee L. Shields renee.shields_at_noaa.gov
2
OVERVIEW

• Explain Handouts
• Prepare PCs
• Create Directories
• Load Software and Sample Projects

3
OVERVIEW

• Processing Flow
• Files used in ADJUST
• Blue Book Format (BBOOK)
• GPS Vectors (GFILE)
• Adjustment Parameter File (AFILE)

4
OVERVIEW

• Process 1st Sample Project - Start to Finish
• Constrained Adjustment Guidelines
• Process 2nd Sample Project
• NGS Policy Incorporation of Geodetic Data into
  NGSIDB

5
OVERVIEW

• Future of ADJUST
• ITRF, Accuracies, CORS
• Miscellaneous
• Publications Available
• NGSWEB
• Time Permitting
• Special Case Example Set
• Projects Supplied by Class

6
HANDOUTS

• Dataflow Diagram
• ADJUST Files -
• Input Formats Blue Book, Gfile
• Afile
• Processing Flow Diagram
• Constrained Adjustments Guidelines

7
HANDOUTS

• Submitting Data to NGS
• What to Include
• Checklist - Page L-9 from Blue Book
• Sample Project Reports
• Future of Adjustments
• Notes on Ellipsoids/Heights
• Accuracies
• CORS

8
HANDOUTS

• Example Set Instructions
• Miscellaneous Info
• Useful Web Sites
• Ask A Geodesist
• ADJUST Processing Tutorial
• ADJUST Statistics Defined
• Sample Projects in Wisconsin

9
ADJUSTMENT FLOW
Blue Book
Adjustment Output
VALIDITY CHECKING PROGRAMS
ADJUST
GFILE
Adjusted Blue Book
AFILE
10
INPUT FILES - BLUE BOOK

• Header Records (10, 12, 13)
• GPS Occupation Records (25, 27)
• Instrument Records (70, 72)
• Control Point Records (80)
• Height Record (86)

11
INPUT FILES - GFILE

• A - Project Record
• B - Session Header Record
• C - Vector Record
• D - Correlation Record

12
INPUT FILES - ADJUSTMENT FILE

• CC - Constrained Coordinate Record
• DD - Dimensionality Record
• II - Iteration Record
• MM - Adjustment Mode Record
• PP - Print Output Record
• QQ - Accuracy Computation Record

13
Input Formats and Specifications of the
National Geodetic Survey Data Base Volume I.
Horizontal Control ,Data Silver Spring, MD
20910 September 1994 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF
Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration National Ocean Service Coast and
Geodetic Survey
14
INPUT FORMATS TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 - HORIZONTAL CONTROL (HZTL)
DATA Chapter 2 - HORIZONTAL OBSERVATION (HZTL
OBS) DATA Chapter 3 - GEODETIC CONTROL
DESCRIPTIVE (GEOD DESC) DATA ANNEX A - NGS STATE
AND COUNTRY CODES ANNEX B - STATE PLANE
COORDINATES (SPC) ZONE CODES ANNEX C -
CONTRIBUTORS OF GEODETIC CONTROL DATA ANNEX D -
GUIDELINES FOR CONTROL POINT DESIGNATIONS ANNEX E
- STATIONS ORDER-AND-TYPE (OT) CODES ANNEX F -
NGS SURVEY EQUIPMENT CODES ANNEX G - ELLIPSOID
HEIGHT ORDER-AND-CLASS (OC) CODES ANNEX H -
STANDARD TIME ZONES ANNEX I - SUMMARY OF CODES
USED IN GEODETIC SURVEY POINT DEXCRIPTIONS ANNEX
J - GPS ANTENNA CODES (Superceded by ANNEX
M) ANNEX K - PROJECT REPORT INSTRUCTIONS ANNEX L
- GUIDELINES FOR SUBMITTING GPS RELATIVE
POSITIONING DATA ANNEX M - GPS ANTENNA CODES
(This new annex supercedes ANNEX J) ANNEX N -
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM DATA TRANSFER FORMAT
15
BLUE BOOK FILE
TABLE 2-1
HORIZONTAL OBSERVATION DATA SET RECORDS
__________________________________________________
____________________ FIRST RECORD

aa - Data Set Identification Record             
      10 - Project Title Record
11
- Project Title Continuation Record
12 - Project Information
Record
13 - Geodetic Datum and Ellipsoid Record        
      20 - Horizontal Direction
Set Record
.
  .
                       25 - GPS
Occupation Header Record
26 - GPS Occupation Comment Record
(optional) 27 - GPS
Occupation Measurement Record
28 - GPS Clock Synchronization
Record 29 - GPS
Clock Synchronization Comment Record (optional)
30 - Horizontal Angle Set Record
.

. (Distances, Vertical Angles,
Azimuths) .

________________________________


16
BLUE BOOK FILE (cont)
TABLE 2-1 (cont)
________________________________
70 - Instrument Record

71 - GPS Antenna Record Superseded by 72
Record 80 - Control
Point Record
81 - Control Point Record (UTM/SPC)
82 - Reference or
Azimuth Mark Record
83 - Bench Mark Record discontinued - Use
86 record instead 84 - Geoid Height
Record (Optional) discontinued-Use 86
85 - Deflection Record (Optional)
 86 - Orthometric
Height, Geoid Height, Ellipsoid Height Record
90 - Fixed Control Record                  
           LAST RECORD

 aa - Data Set Termination Record           
           ________________________
____________________________________________ ___
__________________________________________________
_________________ Note The symbol "aa"
denotes the two-character job code assigned by
the submitting organization - see Chapter 1.
17
25 GPS OCCUPATION HEADER RECORD
25 FORMAT CC 01-06 SEQUENCE
NUMBER. RIGHT JUSTIFIED. MUST BE AN INCREMENT
OF 10 FROM PREVIOUS RECORD. CC 07-10 DATA
CODE. MUST BE 25. CC 11-14 STATION SERIAL
NUMBER (SSN). INSTRUMENT STATION. FOR
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION SEE CHAPTER 1, PAGES
1-2 THRU 1-6, JOB CODE AND SURVEY POINT
NUMBERING CHAPTER 2, PAGES 2-8 THRU 2-9,
OBSERVATION DATA RECORDS PAGES 2-12 THRU 2-14,
ASSIGNMENT OF STATION SERIAL NUMBERS AND PAGE
2-14, TREATMENT OF ECCENTRIC OBSERVATIONS. CC
15-24 DATA MEDIA IDENTIFIER. A CODE WHICH
SPECIFICALLY DEFINES THE RECEIVER TYPE, DAY,
YEAR, SESSION, AND STATION OBSERVED. FOR USE IN
THE B-FILE AND G-FILE. SEE ANNEX L, PAGES L-1
AND L-2. THE FORMAT OF A DATA MEDIA IDENTIFIER
IS ADDDYSNNNN, WHERE A IS THE CHARACTER
WHICH INDICATES THE RECEIVER MANUFACTURER A
ASHTECH, INC C TOPCON CORP D DEL NORTE
TECHNOLOGY, INC G ALLEN OSBORNE ASSOCIATES,
INC I ISTAC, INC L MINI-MACTM M
MacrometerR N NORSTAR INSTRUMENTS, LTD O
MOTOROLA, INC R TRIMBLE NAVIGATION, LTD S
SERCEL, INC T TEXAS INSTRUMENTS,INC W
LEICA HEERBRUGG AG-WILD HEERBRUGG-MAGNAVOX, INC
V NOVATEL COMMUNICATIONS, LTD X OTHER
DDD IS THE DAY OF YEAR OF THE FIRST DATA EPOCH
(UTC) Y IS THE LAST DIGIT OF THE YEAR OF
THE FIRST DATA EPOCH S IS THE LETTER OR
NUMBER OF THE SESSION OBSERVED NNNN IS THE
PROJECT UNIQUE, FOUR (4)-CHARACTER ABBREVIATION
OF A STATION NAME.
18
25 (Cont)
25 FORMAT (CONT) CC 25-27
INITIALS OF THE OBSERVER CC 28-30 JOB-SPECIFIC
INSTRUMENT NUMBER. THE UNIQUE THREE-DIGIT NUMBER
IN THE RANGE 001 TO 999 ASSIGNED TO THE
INSTRUMENT USED TO OBTAIN THIS OBSERVATION. THIS
NUMBER WILL CROSS REFERENCE THE NGS SURVEY
EQUIPMENT CODE IN THE 70 RECORD. CC
31-32 LENGTH OF THE CABLE USED TO CONNECT
RECEIVER AND ANTENNA. (XX) METERS CC
33-35 JOB-SPECIFIC ANTENNA NUMBER (JSAN). THE
UNIQUE THREE-DIGIT NUMBER ASSIGNED TO THE
ANTENNA USED TO OBTAIN THIS OBSERVATION. THIS
NUMBER WILL CROSS REFERENCE THE NGS ANTENNA CODE
IN THE 71/72 RECORD. CC 36-80 BLANK
19
27 GPS OCCUPATION MEASUREMENT RECORD
27 FORMAT CC
01-06 SEQUENCE NUMBER. RIGHT JUSTIFIED. MUST BE
AN INCREMENT OF 10 FROM PREVIOUS RECORD. CC
07-10 DATA CODE. MUST BE 27. CC 11-14 STATION
SERIAL NUMBER (SSN). INSTRUMENT STATION. FOR
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION SEE CHAPTER 1, PAGES 1-2
THRU 1-6, JOB CODE AND SURVEY POINT NUMBERING
CHAPTER 2, PAGES 2-8 THRU 2-9, OBSERVATION DATA
RECORDS PAGES 2-12 THRU 2-13, ASSIGNMENT OF
STATION SERIAL NUMBERS CC 15-20 DATE OF
OBSERVATION.(UTC) YEAR, MONTH, DAY (YYMMDD).
SEE CHAPTER 2, PAGES 2- 18, DATE AND TIME. CC
21-24 TIME. HOURS, MINUTES (HHMM)(UTC). SEE
CHAPTER 2, PAGE 2-7, TIME, AND PAGE 2- 18, DATE
AND TIME. CC 25-29 HEIGHT OF THE ANTENNA L1 PHASE
CENTER ABOVE THE MONUMENT (XX.xxx) IN METERS.
20
27 (Cont)
27 FORMAT (Cont) CC
30-33 DRY BULB TEMPERATURE (XXX.x). ALL REQUIRED
WEATHER INFORMATION CAN BE FOUND ON THE
METEOROLOGICAL DATA PORTION OF THE OBSERVER'S
FIELD LOG. IT IS IMPORTANT TO MAKE SURE YOU ARE
ENTERING DATA FOR THE CORRECT SESSION (BEGINNING
AND ENDING READINGS). CC 34 DRY BULB
TEMPERATURE CODE (C/F). THE TEMPERATURE GIVEN
MUST BE RECORDED IN CELSIUS OR FAHRENHEIT.
NGS PREFERS CELSIUS. CC 35-38 WET BULB
TEMPERATURE (XXX.x). SEE DRY BULB
TEMPERATURE. CC 39 WET BULB TEMPERATURE CODE
(C/F). SEE DRY BULB TEMPERATURE CODE. CC
40-42 RELATIVE HUMIDITY (XX.x). ENTER THE
PERCENTAGE OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY AT THE
BEGINNING AND END OF THE SESSION. CC
43-48 BAROMETRIC PRESSURE (XXXX.xx). (AT
INITIATION AND COMPLETION) (ALLOWABLE UNITS MM,
MB OR IN) THE BAROMETRIC PRESSURE CAN ALSO BE
FOUND IN THE OBSERVERS FIELD LOG. CC
49-50 BAROMETRIC PRESSURE CODE. (MM, MB, IN)
NGS PREFERS MB. MM - MILLIMETERS OF MERCURY
MB - MILLIBARS IN - INCHES OF MERCURY CC
51-55 WEATHER CODE. THE FIRST COLUMN OF THIS
CODE (51) IS A PROBLEM INDICATOR FOLLOWED BY
VISIBILITY, TEMPERATURE, CLOUD COVER AND WIND
INDICATORS IN SUCCESSION. FOR INFORMATION
CONCERNING THE WEATHER CODE TO BE USED IN
CONNECTION WITH GEOMETRIC OBSERVATIONS, SEE
CHAPTER 2, PAGES 2-10. CC 56-80 BLANK
21
70 INSTRUMENT RECORD
70 FORMAT CC
01-06 SEQUENCE NUMBER. RIGHT JUSTIFIED. MUST BE
AN INCREMENT OF 10 FROM THE PREVIOUS RECORD. CC
07-10 DATA CODE. MUST BE 70. CC
11-13 JOB-SPECIFIC INSTRUMENT NUMBER (JSIN).
MUST BE UNIQUE FOR EACH INSTRUMENT IN JOB. SEE
PAGES 2-10 AND 2-28. CC 14-16 NGS SURVEY
EQUIPMENT CODE. SEE ANNEX F. USED TO IDENTIFY
THE INSTRUMENT WHICH WAS ASSIGNED THE JSIN IN CC
11-13 ABOVE. CC 17-20 RESOLUTION OF THE
INSTRUMENT. RECORD THE SIZE OF THE SMALLEST
DIRECTLY READABLE MEASUREMENT UNIT OR THE
RESOLUTION PUBLISHED BY THE INSTRUMENT
MANUFACTURER, WHICHEVER IS LARGER (XXxx). CC
21-22 UNITS. UNITS OF THE RESOLUTION USED IN CC
17-20 ABOVE. SEE PAGE 2-28, RESOLUTION OF THE
INSTRUMENT AND UNITS. CC 23-40 MANUFACTURER OF
THE INSTRUMENT. SEE ANNEX F. (EXAMPLES WILD,
ZEISS/JENA, HEWLETT PACKARD). CC 41-62 TYPE OF
INSTRUMENT OR TRADE NAME. SEE ANNEX F.
(EXAMPLES DIRECTION THEODOLITE, CALIB INVAR
TAPE, RANGE MASTER, TELLUROMETER). CC 63-70 MODEL
OR CLASS OF INSTRUMENT. SEE ANNEX F. (EXAMPLES
T-3, MA-100, 30-MT, 100- FT). CC 71-80 SERIAL
NUMBER. ALPHANUMERIC AND LEFT JUSTIFIED. LEAVE
BLANK IF THE SERIAL NUMBER IS NOT KNOWN.


22
72 GPS ANTENNA RECORD
GPS ANTENNA RECORD (72) Note This record
supersedes the 71 record cC 01-06 SEQUENCE
NUMBER. RIGHT JUSTIFIED. MUST BE AN INCREMENT
OF 10 FROM THE PREVIOUS RECORD. CC 07-10 DATA
CODE. MUST BE 72 CC 11-13 JOB SPECIFIC ANTENNA
NUMBER (JSAN). MUST BE UNIQUE FOR EACH ANTENNA
IN JOB. CC 14-16 RESERVED CC 17-36 NGS ANTENNA
CODE. SEE ANNEX M. USED TO IDENTIFY THE ANTENNA
WHICH WAS ASSIGNED THE JSAN IN CC 11-13 ABOVE.
CC 37-44 RESERVED CC 45-64 SERIAL NUMBER.
ALPHANUMERIC AND LEFT JUSTIFIED. LEAVE BLANK IF
THE SERIAL NUMBER IS NOT KNOWN. CC 65-80 BLANK

23
80 CONTROL POINT RECORD
80 FORMAT CC 01-06 SEQUENCE NUMBER.
RIGHT JUSTIFIED. INCREMENT BY 10 FROM THE
PREVIOUS RECORD. CC 07-10 DATA CODE.
MUST BE 80. CC 11-14 STATION SERIAL NUMBER
(SSN). SEE PAGES 1-1, JOB CODE AND SURVEY
POINT NUMBERING AND 2-12,
ASSIGNMENT OF STATION SERIAL NUMBERS. CC 15-44
STATION NAME. MUST NOT EXCEED 30 CHARACTERS.
THE NAME OF A HORIZONTAL
CONTROL POINT WITH PERIPHERAL REFERENCE MARKS
AND/OR AZIMUTH MARKS MUST
NOT EXCEED 24 CHARACTERS TO ALLOW FOR ADDING
RM 1, RM 2, AND/OR AZ MK TO THE NAME WITHOUT
EXCEEDING THE 30 CHARACTER LENGTH LIMIT.
CC 45-55 LATITUDE. DEGREES, MINUTES, SECONDS
(DDMMSSsssss). CC 56 DIRECTION OF
LATITUDE. RECORD CODE "N" FOR NORTH OR CODE "S"
FOR SOUTH. CC 57-68 LONGITUDE. DEGREES,
MINUTES, SECONDS, (DDDMMSSsssss). CC 69
DIRECTION OF LONGITUDE. RECORD CODE "E" FOR EAST
OR CODE "W" FOR WEST. NGS PREFERS THAT YOU
USE THE NEW 86 RECORD FOR RECORDING THE
ELEVATION (ORTHOMETRIC HEIGHT) AND ELEVATION CODE
INSTEAD OF THE TWO DATA FIELDS THAT FOLLOW.
REFER TO PAGES 2-83 THRU 2-85.


24
80 CONTROL POINT RECORD
80 FORMAT (Cont) CC 70-75 ELEVATION.
RECORD ELEVATION OF MARK ABOVE MEAN SEA LEVEL. IN
METERS (MMMMmm). ENTER THE ELEVATION TO THE
NEAREST CENTIMETER (cm). IF MEASUREMENT IS
ONLY OBSERVED TO THE NEAREST DECIMETER (dm),
LEAVE CC 75 BLANK, IF OBSERVED ONLY TO THE
NEAREST METER (M), LEAVE CC 74-75 BLANK. THE
APPROPRIATE ELEVATION CODE MUST BE
ENTERED IN CC 76. REFER TO PAGES 2-34 and 2-35,
ELEVATION AND ELEVATION CODE. CC 76
ELEVATION CODE. CC 77-78 STATE OR COUNTRY
CODE. IF THE CONTROL STATE IS LOCATED IN THE
UNITED STATES/CANADA, ENTER THE CODE
FROM ANNEX A FOR THE
STATE/PROVINCE OR TERRITORY WHICH CONTAINS THE
STATION. IF NOT, ENTER THE
CODE FROM ANNEX A FOR THE COUNTRY WHICH CONTAINS
THE STATION. SEE ANNEX A.
CC 79-80 STATION ORDER AND TYPE. REFER TO PAGES
2-35 THRU 2-38, STATION ORDER
AND TYPE AND SEE ANNEX E.


25
86 CONTROL POINT RECORD
86 FORMAT
CC 01-06 SEQUENCE NUMBER. RIGHT
JUSTIFIED. INCREMENT BY 10 FROM THE
PREVIOUS RECORD. CC 07-10 DATA CODE. MUST
BE 86. CC 11-14 STATION SERIAL NUMBER
(SSN). CC 15-16 BLANK CC 17-23 ORTHOMETRIC
HEIGHT. IN METERS (MMMMmmm). CC 24
ORTHOMETRIC HEIGHT CODE. SEE FOLLOWING
TABLES. CC 25-26 ORTHOMETRIC HEIGHT ORDER AND
CLASS. USE PUBLISHED
VERTICAL ORDER AND CLASS, OTHERWISE LEAVE
BLANK. CC 27 ORTHOMETRIC HEIGHT NGSIDB
INDICATOR. SEE FOLLOWING TABLES. CC 28-29
ORTHOMETRIC HEIGHT DATUM. SEE FOLLOWING
TABLES. CC 30-35 ORGANIZATION WHICH ESTABLISHED
AND/OR MAINTAINS THE ORTHOMETRIC
HEIGHT OF THE CONTROL POINT. ENTER THE
ABBREVIATION LISTED IN ANNEX C OR ON THE
DATASET IDENTIFICATION RECORD. CC
36-42 GEOID HEIGHT. ABOVE (POSITIVE) OR BELOW
(NEGATIVE) THE REFERENCE ELLIPSOID.
IN METERS (MMMMmmm). CC 43 GEOID HEIGHT CODE.
SEE FOLLOWING TABLES. CC 44-45 BLANK. CC 46-52
ELLIPSOID HEIGHT. IN METERS (MMMMmmm). CC
53 ELLIPSOID HEIGHT CODE. SEE FOLLOWING
TABLES. CC 54-55 ELLIPSOID HEIGHT ORDER AND
CLASS. SEE ANNEX G. CC 56 ELLIPSOID
HEIGHT DATUM. CC 57-80 COMMENTS.


26
INPUT FILES - GFILE

• A - Project Record
• B - Session Header Record
• C - Vector Record
• D - Correlation Record

27
GFILE - PROJECT RECORD
Project Record 01-01 A 02-03 Job Code
(Chapter 1)
Alpha 04-07 Year, Start of Project (local)
(CCYY) Integer 08-09 Month, Start
of Project (local) (MM)
Integer 10-11 Day, Start of Project (local)
(DD) Integer 12-15 Year, End of
Project (local) (CCYY)
Integer 16-17 Month, End of Project (local)
(MM) Integer 18-19 Day, End of
Project (local) (DD)
Integer 20-78 Title of project
Alpha 79-80 Reserved
28
GFILE - SESSION HEADER RECORD
Session Header Record 01-01 B 02-05 Year,
First Actual Measurement (UTC)
(CCYY) Alpha 06-07 Month, First Actual
Measurement (UTC) (MM) Integer 08-09 Day,
First Actual Measurement (UTC)
(DD) Integer 10-13 Time, First Actual
Measurement (UTC) (DD)
Integer 14-17 Year, Last Actual Measurement
(UTC) (CCYY) Integer 18-19 Month, Last
Actual Measurement (UTC) (MM) Integer 20-21
Day, Last Actual Measurement (UTC) (DD)
Integer 22-25 Time, First Actual Measurement
(UTC) (DD) Integer 26-27
Number of Vectors in Session Integer 28-42
Software Name and Version Alpha 43-47 Orbit
Source (agency that computes orbit) Alpha 48-51
Orbit accuracy estimate (XXX.x meters) Implied
Decimal
29
GFILE - SESSION HEADER RECORD
Session Header Record (cont) 52-53 Solution
Coordinate System code (table, N-6) Integer
54-55 Solution
meteorological use code (table,
N-6) Integer 56-57 Solution ionosphere use
code (table, N-6) Integer
58-59 Solution time parameter use
code (table, N-6) Integer 60-60 Nominal accuracy
code (table, N-6) Integer 61-66 Processing
agency code (Annex C) Alpha 67-70 Year of
processing (CCYY) Integer 71-72 Month of
processing (MM) Integer 73-74 Day of
processing (DD) Integer 75-80 Solution
type (table, N-7) Integer
30
GFILE - VECTOR RECORD
Vector Record 01-01 C 02-05 Origin Station
Serial Number (ssn) vector tail Integer 06-09
Differential Station Serial Number vector
head Integer 10-20
Delta X (XXXXXXX.xxxx meters) Implied
Decimal 21-25 Standard Deviation (X.xxxx
meters) Implied Decimal 26-36 Delta
Y (XXXXXXX.xxxx meters) Implied Decimal 37-41
Standard Deviation (X.xxxx meters) Implied
Decimal 42-52 Delta Z (XXXXXXX.xxxx
meters) Implied Decimal 53-57 Standard
Deviation (X.xxxx meters) Implied Decimal 58-58
Rejection code (use upper case R to reject)
Alpha 59-68 Origin Station Data Media
Identifier (see page N-6) 69-78 Differential
Station Data Media Identifier (see page
N-6) 79-80 Reserved Note Standard deviation
values must be positive, non-zero numbers
31
GFILE - CORRELATION RECORD
Correlation Record 01-01 D 02-04 Row Index
Number Integer 05-07 Column Index
Number Integer
08-16 Correlation (XX.xxxxxxx meters) Implied
Decimal 17-19 Row Index Number Integer 20-22
Column Index Number Integer
23-31 Correlation (XX.xxxxxxx
meters) Implied Decimal 32-34 Row Index
Number Integer 35-37 Column Index
Number Integer
38-46 Correlation (XX.xxxxxxx meters) Implied
Decimal 47-49 Row Index Number Integer 50-52
Column Index Number Integer
53-61 Correlation (XX.xxxxxxx
meters) Implied Decimal 62-64 Row Index
Number Integer 65-67 Column Index
Number Integer
68-76 Correlation (XX.xxxxxxx meters) Implied
Decimal 79-80 Reserved
32
INPUT FILES - ADJUSTMENT FILE

• CC - Constrained Coordinate Record
• DD - Dimensionality Record
• II - Iteration Record
• MM - Adjustment Mode Record
• PP - Print Output Record
• QQ - Accuracy Computation Record

33
AFILE - CC Record

• CC - Constrained Coordinate Record
• A Constrained Coordinate record specifies that a
  station is a control point, that its
  coordinate(s) are constrained or "held fixed"
  during the adjustment.
• This record follows the format of the Blue Book
  80 record.
• Columns Descriptions and Defaults
  Type
• ---------------------------------------------
  ---------------
• 01-02 CC
• 03-10 Reserved
• 11-14 Station Serial Number
  (integer)
• 15-20 Latitude Standard Deviation
  (integer)
• 21-26 Longitude Standard Deviation
  (integer)
• 27-32 Height Standard Deviation
  (integer)
• 33-44 Reserved
• 45-46 Degrees Latitude
  (integer)
• 47-48 Minutes Latitude
  (integer)
• 49-55 Seconds Latitude
  (integer)
• 56-56 Latitude Code (N -- POSITIVE NORTH)
• 57-59 Degrees Longitude
  (integer)
• 60-61 Minutes Longitude
  (integer)

34
AFILE - DD Record

• DD - Dimensionality Record
• The Dimensionality record controls the number of
  spatial dimensions in which the program adjusts.
  ADJUST may adjust in 1, 2, 2.5, or 3 dimensions.
• Columns Descriptions and Defaults
  Type
• ---------------------------------------------
  ---------------
• 01-02 DD
• 03-03 Dimensions of adjustment, no default
  (integer)
• 3 for a 3 dimensional adjustment
• 04-05 ".5" for a 2.5 dimensional adjustment
• 06-80 Reserved

35
AFILE - II Record

• II - Iteration Record
• The Iteration record options control the
  conditions for ceasing to iterate the adjustment
  solution and what is printed after the iterations
  are completed.
• The absolute value of the maximum allowable
  normalized residual may be changed with this
  record.
• Columns Descriptions and Defaults
  Type
• ---------------------------------------------
  ---------------
• 01-02 II
• 03-04 Maximum number of iterations, default
  5 (integer)
• 05-08 Maximum allowable normalized residual
  (integer)
• 09-11 Minimum printed normalized residual
  (integer)
• 12-17 RMS station coordinate convergence
  tolerance(integer)
• 18-18 Display results for slowly converging
  or for
• diverging solution
• 19-19 Create adjusted option File (AFILE)
  and adjusted data
• (Blue Book) File at the end of each
  iteration
• 20-26 Adjusted Option File Name, default is
  "NEWAF"
• 27-80 Reserved

36
AFILE - MM Record

• MM - Adjustment Mode Record
• The Adjustment Mode record controls the mode of
  adjustment, that is, to not iterate (Mode 0), or
  what should be done after
• The next two options on this record control
  whether or not a new Blue Book file should be
  created containing the adjusted positions. If it
  is to be created, a name for the file can be
  specified.
• Mode 0 - This is a simulation mode. There are no
  iterations. This mode is normally used for
  network design with simulated data.
• Mode 1 - The standard deviations of the residuals
  are assumed to be the same as the standard
  deviations of the observations. Also, the
  standard deviations of the parameters and station
  locations are not calculated.
• Mode 2 - Same as Mode 1 except standard
  deviations of parameters and station locations
  are calculated.
• Mode 3 - Same as Mode 2 except standard
  deviations of residuals are calculated.

37
AFILE - MM Record

• MM - Adjustment Mode Record
• Columns Descriptions and Defaults
  Type
• ---------------------------------------------
  ---------------
• 01-02 MM
• 03-03 Mode indicator
• 3 -- Compute normal residuals and inverse
• 04-04 Post-adjustment indicator
• N (default) -- DO NOT SCALE STANDARD DEVIATIONS
  BY A-POSTERIORI
• STANDARD DEVIATION OF UNIT WEIGHT
• Y -- Scale standard deviations by
  a-posteriori
• standard deviation of unit weight
  
• 05-05 Create Adjusted Data (Blue Book) File
• Y -- Create adjusted data file
• 06-12 Adjusted Data File Name
• 13-13 Abort if solution is singular
• 14-14 Create Adjusted Position File
• 15-21 Adjusted Position File Name
• 22-80 Reserved

38
AFILE - PP Record

• PP - Print Output Record
• The Print Output record contains the options for
  controlling what is listed in the output and with
  what format.
• Columns Descriptions and Defaults
  Type
• ---------------------------------------------
  ---------------
• 01-02 PP
• 03-03 Echo Blue Book File
• 0 -- ECHO ALL BLUE BOOK RECORDS
  (default)
• 1 -- Echo observations only
• 2 -- Echo large misclosures only
• 04-04 Echo G-Format File
• 0 -- ECHO ALL G-FORMAT RECORDS
  (default)
• 1 -- Echo observations only
• 2 -- Echo large misclosures only
• 05-05 Display Constraints
• 06-08 Residual Output Tolerance, units of
  0.1 sigma
• 09- Display Direction ... Angle... Zenith
  Distance ... Distance
• ... GPS ... Constrained Residuals
  ... Residuals Grouped Around

39
AFILE - QQ Record

• QQ - Accuracy Computation Record
• Accuracy Computation record directs that the
  adjusted value of the distance, azimuth, and
  vertical angle between two stations be calculated
  together with associated statistics indicating
  the accuracy of these adjusted quantities.
• Columns Descriptions and Defaults
  Type
• ---------------------------------------------
  ---------------
• 01-02 QQ
• 03-04 Classical and GPS survey order type
  (character)
• 1, 21, 22, 3 for classical surveys
• AA, A, B for a GPS survey
• 04-10 Reserved
• 11-14 Station Serial Number, required
  (integer)
• 15-50 Reserved
• 51-54 Station Serial Number, required
  (integer)
• 55-80 Reserved

40
HORIZONTAL ADJUSTMENT
Adjustment Output
Free Adjustment
Blue Book (Positions/ Heights)
Blue Book
GFILE (Vectors)
Constrained Adjustment
Blue Book Adjusted Positions Adjusted
Ellipsoid Heights
AFILE (Parameters)
Adjustment Output
41
VERTICAL ADJUSTMENT
Adjustment Output
Vertical Free Adjustment
Blue Book (Positions/ Heights)
Blue Book
GFILE (Vectors)
Vertical Constrained Adjustment
Blue Book Adjusted Orthometric Heights Geoid
Heights
AFILE (Parameters)
Adjustment Output
42
PROCESS a Sample PROJECT

• Pull out tutorial
• Run checking programs
• Run adjustments

43
GUIDELINES

• Gather Source Material
• Digitized Files
• Sketches
• Field Reports/Logs
• Keep Good Records for Final Report
• Identify Control - Horizontal and Vertical
• Verify Reference Systems
• System used for Reduction System Used in
  Adjustment

44
GUIDELINES

• Validity Check Data Files
• CR8SER/COMPGB
• NEWCHKOB
• OBSCHK
• Run Free Adjustment
• Fix 1 position, 1 ellipsoid height
• Check for blunders within project (Reject Obs?)
• Scale Standard Errors (?)

45
GUIDELINES

• Run Horizontal Constrained Adjustment
• Fix all published positions and ellipsoid heights
• Evaluate residuals for consistency with control
• (Readjust Positions, Ellipsoid Heights?)
• Run Vertical Free Adjustment
• Add Geoid Heights
• Fix 1 position, one published orthometric height,
  confirm statistics match horizontal free

46
GUIDELINES

• Run Vertical Constrained Adjustment
• Add Geoid Heights
• Fix 1 position, all published orthometric heights
• Evaluate residuals for consistency with control
  (Readjust Orthometric Heights?)
• Run Free Adjustment to compute accuracies
• Fix 1 position and 1 ellipsoid height
• Determine if accuracies meet requirements
  (Readjust Positions?)

47
GUIDELINES

• Post processing
• Compute ellipsoid height accuracies
• Create final complete blue book file
• Rerun checking programs
• Write report
• Appendices
• Processing Programs
• Processing and Report Checklists

48
SUBMITTING DATA TO NGS

• NGS Policy - see
• http//www.ngs.noaa.gov80/INFO/incorp_data.html
• Pre-Survey Review
• Blue Book Format
• Minimum Accuracy Requirements
• GPS, Conventional Horizontal - 1st Order
• Leveling - 2nd Order, Class II
• Gravity Data - 3rd Order
• Process and Adjust Data (Use ADJUST)
• Submit Data Records, Digital Files, Adjustments

49
SUBMIT FROM OBSERVING SESSIONS

• From each Station
• To reach description/recovery, corrections
  noted
• Visibility Obstruction Diagram, corrections
  noted
• From each Observation Session
• Raw GPS Data on 3.5 diskette
• RINEX2 Data (Obs and Nav files) on 3.5 diskette
• Observation Log
• Pencil Rubbing Form
• Note keep for 5 years as backup - 3.5 diskettes
  of raw data, photocopy of Observation Logs

50
SUBMIT FROM ADJUSTMENT PROCESSING

• The following may be ASCII files or paper
  listings unless otherwise noted. Keep backups
  until notified that the database has been loaded.
• Free Adjustment
• Constrained Horizontal Adjustment
• Constrained Vertical Adjustment (NAVD88)
• Free Adjustment with Accuracies
• Final combined Blue Book file (ASCII)
• Final Gfile (ASCII)

51
SUBMIT FROM ADJUSTMENT PROCESSING

• Accuracy Listing - BBACCUR Output (paper)
• ELLACC Output
• COMPGB Output
• OBSCHK Output
• Copies of Data Used to Identify (Horizontal and
  Vertical) Fixed Control
• Error or Warning Messages Must Be Explained

52
SUBMIT FROM ADJUSTMENT PROCESSING

• CHKDESC Output
• OBSDES Output
• Final Description File (ASCII)
• Error or Warning Messages Must Be Explained

53
PROJECT SUBMISSIONCHECKLIST
PROJECT SUBMISSION CHECKLIST GPS
PROJECTS Project Title
_____________________________________________ Acc
ession Number _______________________________
______________ Submitting Agency
_____________________________________________ Ob
serving Agency ______________________________
_______________ Receiver Type
_____________________________________________ PA
CKAGE CONTENTS Project Report and Attachments
Required For ( ) Project Report
All Projects ( ) Approved
Reconnaissance Project Sketch
All Projects ( ) Project Instructions or
Contract Specifications All Projects ( )
Final Station List
All Projects ( ) Station Visibility Diagrams
All Projects ( ) Final
Observing Schedule All
Projects ( ) Observation Logs
All Projects ( ) Equipment
Failure Logs NGS
Projects ( ) Loop Misclosures
Optional

54
PROJECT SUBMISSIONCHECKLIST
PROJECT SUBMISSION CHECKLIST GPS PROJECTS
(Cont) ( ) Free Adjustment with Analysis
All Project ( ) Free Adjustment with
Accuracies All Projects ( )
Constrained Horizontal Adjustment
All Projects ( ) Constrained Vertical
Adjustment (NAVD88 Heights)
All Projects ( ) Meteorological Instrument
Comparison Logs If Specified ( )
Photographs of Views from Stations
If Specified ( ) Photographs or Rubbings of
Station Marks All Projects ( ) COMPGB
Output (Validation program-B/G file) All
Projects ( ) OBSDES Output (Validation
program-D-file) All Project ( ) OBSCHK
Output (Validation program-B- file) All
Projects ( ) CHKDESC Output (Validation
program-D-file) All Projects ( ) ELLACC
Output All Projects ( ) BBACCUR Output
All Projects Digitized Data Files ( )
Diskettes ( ) Other_________________ ( )
Raw Phase Data (R-files)
All Projects ( ) Base Line Vectors (G-file)
All Projects ( ) Project
and Station Occupation Data (B-file) All
Projects ( ) Descriptions or Recovery Notes
(D-file) All Projects ( ) Terrestrial
Horizontal Observations (T-file) If
Applicable ( ) Differential Leveling
Observations (L-file) If
Applicable Comments - Enter on the reverse side
of this form.

55
THE GEOID AND TWO ELLIPSOIDS

CLARKE 1866
GRS80-WGS84
Earth Mass Center
Approximately 236 meters
GEOID
56
NAD 83 and ITRF

NAD 83
ITRF
Earth Mass Center
2.2 m (3-D) dX,dY,dZ
GEOID
57
ELLIPSOID - GEOID RELATIONSHIP
H Orthometric Height
H h - N
h Ellipsoidal Height
N Geoid Height
H
TOPOGRAPHIC SURFACE
h
N
GEOID99
Ellipsoid GRS80
Geoid
PERPENDICULAR TO ELLIPSOID
PERPENDICULAR TO GEOID (PLUMBLINE)
DEFLECTION OF THE VERTICAL
DEFLEC99
58
HORIZONTAL ACCURACY STANDARDS

• Maximum
• Classification Closure
• First 1100,000
• Second, Class I 1 50,000
• Second, Class II 1 20,000
• Third, Class I 1 10,000
• Third, Class II 1 5,000
• NOTE - We do not have fourth-order standards
  such as many countries do.

59
VERTICAL ACCURACY STANDARDS

• Relative
  Accuracy Between
• Directly
  Connected Points
• or Benchmarks
• Classification (Standard Error)
• First, Class I 0.5 mm ?K
• First, Class II 0.7 mm ?K
• Second, Class I 1.0 mm ?K
• Second, Class II 1.3 mm ?K
• Third, Class I 2.0 mm ?K
• K distance in Kilometers between
  points

60
GPS ACCURACY STANDARDS

• Minimum Geometric
• Classification Accuracy Standard
• AA 0.3 cm 1100,000,000
• A 0.5 cm 1 10,000,000
• B 0.8 cm 1 1,000,000
• First 1.0 cm 1 100,000
• Second, Class I 2.0 cm 1 50,000
• Second, Class I 3.0 cm 1 20,000
• Third 5.0 cm 1 10,000
• Note At the 95 Percent Confidence Level

61
NEW STANDARDS FOR GEODETIC CONTROL

• Two accuracy standards
• (http//fgdc.er.usgs.gov/standards/status/swgstat.
  html)
• local accuracy ------------- adjacent
  points
• network accuracy ---------- relative to CORS
• Numeric quantities, units in cm (or mm)
• Both are relative accuracy measures
• Do not use distance dependent expression
• Horizontal accuracies are radius of 2-D 95 error
  circle
• Ellipsoidal/Orthometric heights are 1-D (linear)
  95 error

62
NATIONAL GEODETIC SURVEY USEFUL WEB SITES

• NGS PC Software
• ADJUST, ADJUST Utilities, COMPGB, CR8BB,
  DDPROC, GEOID96, HTDP, NADCON, VERTCON, and
  others
• http//www.ngs.noaa.gov/PC_PROD/pc_prod.shtml
• NGS Tool Kit
• On-line Applications (includes OPUS)
• http//www.ngs.noaa.gov/TOOLS/
• Publications of the National Geodetic Survey
• Catalog
• http//www.ngs.noaa.gov/PC_PROD/pc_prod.shtml
• On-line
• http//www.ngs.noaa.gov/PC_PROD/pc_prod.shtml
• On-line includes Guidelines for Establishing
  GPS-Derived Ellipsoid Heights (Standards 2 CM
  and 5 CM),Version 4.3
• http//www.ngs.noaa.gov/PC_PROD/pc_prod.shtml

63
NATIONAL GEODETIC SURVEY USEFUL WEB SITES

• Input Formats and Specifications of the National
  Geodetic Survey Data Base (Blue Book)
• http//www.ngs.noaa.gov/FGCS/BlueBook/
• Policy Statement for Incorporation of Geodetic
  Data into the National Geodetic Survey Data Base
• http//www.ngs.noaa.gov/INFO/incorp_data.html
• Geospatial Positioning Accuracy Standards
• http//www.fgdc.gov/standards/status/textstatus.ht
  ml
• Frequently asked questions
• http//www.ngs.noaa.gov/faq.shtml

64
ASK A GEODESIST

• Do you have a scientific question?
• Ask one of the NGS scientists!
• If your question is about Then ask...
• The geoid Dru.Smith_at_noaa.gov
• Crustal motion Richard.Snay_at_noaa.gov
• Vertical Datum Dave.Zilkoski_at_noaa.gov
• Horizontal Datum Dave.Doyle_at_noaa.gov
• Heights, in general Renee.Shields_at_noaa.gov
• CORS Neil.D.Weston_at_noaa.gov
• or Don.Haw_at_noaa.gov
• GeodeticAdvisors Gilbert.Mitchell_at_noaa.gov
• See the NGS Personnel Directory for current
  phone numbers.