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A P 1 LECTURE NOTES

• Bones

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SKELETON - AXIAL SKELETON

• SKULL
• VERTEBRAL COLUMN
• HYOID BONE
• RIB CAGE

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four major sutures of the cranium

• coronal -
• between frontal and parietals f/p
• sagittal -
• between parietals p/p
• squamosal -
• between temporal and parietals t/p
• lambdoidal -
• between occipital and parietals o/p

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CRANIAL BONES OF SKULL (8)

• PARIETAL(2)
• FRONTAL
• ETHMOID
• cribriform plate
• superior and middle concha

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CRANIAL BONES, cont.

• SPHENOID
• sella turcica
• pterygoid processes
• optic foramen -optic nerve

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CRANIAL BONES , cont.

• TEMPORAL(2)
• zygomatic process
• mastoid process
• external auditory meatus
• bones of the middle and inner ear

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CRANIAL BONES , cont.

• OCCIPITAL
• foramen magnum
• occipital condyles

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FACIAL BONES OF SKULL ( 14)

• MAXILLA(2)
• palatine process
• alveolar process
• infraorbital foramen

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FACIAL BONES

• MANDIBLE(1)
• alveolar process
• coronoid process
• condyloid process ( mandibular condyles)
• mental foramen

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FACIAL BONES , cont.

• ZYGOMATIC(2)
• NASAL(2)
• LACRIMAL(2)
• VOMER(1)
• PALATINE(2)
• INFERIOR NASAL CONCHA(2)

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bones associated with the orbit of eye

• lacrimal
• ethmoid
• sphenoid

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bones associated with the nasal cavity

• septum
• perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
• vomer
• lateral walls of the nasal cavity
• superior concha
• middle concha
• inferior concha

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hyoid

• only bone which does not articulate with another
  bone
• U shape
• location - suspended in the mid anterior neck
  region by ligaments
• tongue attaches to hyoid
• forms the top of the larynx (voice box)

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THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN

• general features of vertebrae
• body
• spinous process
• transverse process
• vertebral foramen
• laminae
• pedicle
• superior and inferior articulating processes

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CERVICAL VERTEBRAE (7)

• C1- ATLAS
• no body, no spine
• C2- AXIS
• odontoid process (dens)
• all cervical vertebrae have transverse foramen

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THORACIC VERTEBRAE (12)

• rib articulations
• T-1 T-12

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LUMBAR VERTEBRAE

• (5) L-1 L-5
• large body

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Sacrum

• 5 fused vertebrae
• Coccyx
• 4 fused vertebrae
• Intervertebral discs
• intervertebral foramina

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Spinal curvatures

• cervical curvature (concave)
• thoracic curvature (convex)
• lumbar curvature (concave)

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abnormal spinal curvatures

• kyphosis - (hunch back) dorsally exaggerated
  thoracic curvature
• lordosis- (swayback) accentuated lumbar
  curvature
• scoliosis- (twisted disease) abnormal lateral
  curvature - mainly thoracic region

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RIB CAGE

• STERNUM
• MANUBRIUM
• BODY ( GLADIOLUS)
• XIPHOID PROCESS

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ribs

• ribs 12 pair
• true ribs (7)
• costal cartilages
• attached to sternum
• false ribs (5)
• 8-10 have costal cartilages
• 11-12 are floating no costal cartilages

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features on ribs

• head
• neck
• tubercle
• angle
• shaft

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APPENDICULAR SKELETON
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THE UPPER LIMB

• CLAVICLE ( collar bone)
• sternal and acromial ends
• SCAPULA
• acromion process
• coracoid process
• spine
• glenoid cavity (fossa)

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proximal end of humerus

• head
• greater tubercle
• lesser tubercle

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distal end of humerus

• lateral and medial epicondyle
• coronoid fossa
• olecranon fossa
• trochlea
• capitulum

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RADIUS

• head
• styloid process

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ULNA

• coronoid process
• olecranon process
• semilunar notch

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hand

• CARPALS(8)
• proximal row lateral to medial
• scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform
• distal row lateral to medial
• trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
• Sally left the party to take Cathy home.

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hand

• METACARPALS
• PHALANGES
• proximal, middle and distal phalanges
• except thumb

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APPENDICULAR SKELETON OF THE LOWER LIMB

• OS COXAL(innominate bone)
• ILIUM
• greater sciatic notch
• ISCHIUM
• PUBIS
• pubic symphysis
• Other features
• ACETABULUM
• OBTURATOR FORAMEN

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DIFFERENCES IN MALES AND FEMALES

• pubic arch
• male less than 60
• female around 80 to 90
• pelvic inlet

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FEMUR, proximal end

• head
• neck
• greater trochanter
• lesser trochanter
• linea aspera

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Femur, distal end

• medial and lateral epicondyle
• medial and lateral condyles

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PATELLA

• Knee- patella
• apex is inferior
• posterior
• facet for medial condyle(femur)
• facet for lateral condyle (femur)

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TIBIA

• medial malleolus
• FIBULA
• lateral malleolus

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Foot

• TARSALS(7)
• talus- ankle
• articulates with tibia and fibula
• calcaneus- heel
• Achilles tendon
• cuboid, navicular, medial I, intermediate II,
  lateral III cuneiform bones
• METATARSALS
• PHALANGES

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ARCHES of the foot

• transverse
• medial longitudinal
• lateral longitudinal

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Bone fracture types

• Open/closed
• ( open is also called compound fracture)
• (closed is also called simple fracture)
• Incomplete/complete
• Linear/transverse/oblique