Wars for Independence,

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CHAPTER 5

• Wars for Independence,
• 1764 - 1783

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I. Realignments in the Spanish Borderlands

• Britain gains Florida after Seven Years War, but
  Spain retains Louisiana and port city of New
  Orleans
• Spanish forts in Southwest grow in number, as
  Spain faces more threats from Apaches and
  Comanches

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II. The British Colonies Resist Imperial Reform

• Sugar Act attempts to end smuggling by lowering
  tariffs, but Currency Act forbids colonists from
  producing paper money
• Stamp Act angers colonists and leads to formation
  of Sons of Liberty
• Colonists in lower South are unhappy with both
  Parliament and their own colonial elite

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• Townshend Revenue Act worsens feelings
• Raises revenue without representation
• Results in Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,
  uniting colonists
• Result is series of nonimportation agreements
• Boston becomes center of conflict
• Burning of Gaspée and formation of Committees of
  Correspondence show colonial unrest

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• Boston Tea Party of 1773 demonstrates colonial
  defiance
• Tea Act designed to protect British East India
  Company by removing duties on its tea
• Bostonians dump tea to protest manipulation
• Britain responds with Coercive Acts, designed to
  get Boston under control
• First Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia
  in fall of 1774

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III. Resistance Becomes a War for Independence

• First shots fired in April 1775, at Lexington and
  Concord
• Second Continental Congress meets in May,
  selecting George Washington to command the new
  Continental Army
• Battle of Bunker hill leads George III to declare
  colonies in rebellion

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Battles in Eastern Massachusetts
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• Colonists find themselves having to choose sides
• Loyalists usually wealthy
• Patriots resort to conscription
• Women support cause in many ways
• Continental Congress declares independence in
  July 1776 and begins forming Articles of
  Confederation

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IV. War in the North, 1776-1779

• Britain invades New York and achieves victories
  until loss at Saratoga in October
• British occupy Philadelphia during winter of
  1777-78, but Washington turns troops into
  effective army at Valley Forge
• Battle of Saratoga brings French into war on side
  of colonists
• Patriots continue to suffer from economic problems

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Northern Campaigns, 1776-1778
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V. The War Moves West and South

• Fighting intensifies on frontier
• Britain invades South, hoping to enlist Loyalist
  support there, but plan backfires
• Southerners fight mainly for Patriots
• Lord Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown, October
  1781

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Southern Campaigns, 1778-1781
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Virginia and the Yorktown Campaign
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• Treaty of Paris ends hostilities but leaves
  problems
• New nation extends from Atlantic coast to
  Mississippi River, and from Canada to 31st
  parallel
• Britain agrees to remove troops promptly, then
  fail to do so
• Loyalists are assured of protection, but many
  face discrimination and leave country

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