Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson

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Muhammad 'Ali
viceroy and pasha of Egypt (180549), founder of
the dynasty that ruled Egypt from the beginning
of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th. He
encouraged the emergence of the modern Egyptian
state.
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A Boxer from the Fists of Righteous Harmony
An American reports that 20,000 Boxers advanced
in a solid mass and carried standards of red and
white cloth. Their yells were deafening, while
the roar of gongs, drums and horns sounded like
thunder. . . . They waved their swords and
stamped on the ground with their feet. They wore
red turbans, sashes, and garters over blue cloth.
When they were only twenty yards from our gate,
. . . three volleys from the rifles of our
sailors left more than fifty dead upon the
ground
Empress Dowager, 1862-1908 In the 1860s and
1870s, Cixi was a supporter of reform. After the
1880s, known as the "Empress Dowager," she was
widely regarded as corrupt, self-centered, and an
obstacle to reform.
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