PAIN MANAGEMENT

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PAIN MANAGEMENT
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WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT PAIN?
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Pain Defined

• an unpleasant, subjective sensory and emotional
  experience associated with actual or potential
  tissue damage, or described in terms of such
  damage. (International Association for the Study
  of Pain)

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Working Definition of PainAccording to McCaffery

• whatever the experiencing person says it is,
  existing whenever he says it does
• Self report of pain is the single most reliable
  indicator of pain intensity

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What is the Nature of Pain

• Much more than a physical sensation caused by a
  specific stimulus
• Involves physical, emotional, and cognitive
  components
• Demands a persons energy
• Can not be objectively measured

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Responsibility of the Nurse

• To accept the clients report of pain
• Do not make client prove that they are in pain.

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Physiology of Pain

• Transduction conversion of stimulus energy to
  electrical energy
• Transmission movement of pain impulse along
  nerve pathways to the brain
• Perception impulse is transmitted to higher
  brain centers and recognized as pain
• Modulation inhibitory neurotransmitters are
  released to hinder transmission of pain
• Why do nurses need to know about these components?

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Types of Pain

• Acute Pain
• Chronic Pain
• Cancer Pain
• Idiopathic Pain

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How do Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs limit
ability to offer pain relief?
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Factors That Influence Pain

• Physiological
• Age
• Fatigue
• Genes
• Neurological function
• Social
• Attention
• Previous experience
• Family and social support

• Spiritual Factors
• Psychological Factors
• Anxiety
• Coping style
• Cultural Factors
• Meaning of Pain
• Ethnicity

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Nursing Process and the Management of Pain

• Why should the Nursing Process be used as a
  framework for managing pain?

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Assessment

• 5th Vital Sign
• Determine clients perspective
• History
• Meaning
• Physical, emotional, and social effects
• Objectively measure the characteristics of
  clients pain

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Characteristics of Pain(Comprehensive Pain
Assessment)

• Onset and duration
• Location
• Intensity
• Quality
• Pain pattern
• Relief measures
• Contributing symptoms
• Effects of pain on client
• Client expectations

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Nursing Diagnosis

• Acute Pain
• Chronic Pain
• What other Nursing Diagnoses would be appropriate
  for a client experiencing pain?

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Planning/Implementation

• Identify interrelated problems
• Determine goals/Outcomes
• Involve family
• Nonpharmacologic interventions
• Pharmacologic interventions

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Evaluation

• Why is evaluation so important?
• When do you evaluate?