William Stone

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Global Navigation Satellite SystemWhere We
Are Where We Are Heading
New Mexico Geographic Information Council

• William Stone
• National Geodetic Survey
• william.stone_at_noaa.gov

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Global Navigation Satellite System
GPS
GNSS
GLONASS
Galileo
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Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

• FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
• (2006 2015)
• GPS MODERNIZATION
• GLONASS
• GALILEO
• 70- 90 Satellites
• Second and Third Civil Frequency - GPS
• No Signal Encryption - GLONASS Galileo
• More Robust Signal Transmissions
• Unaugmented Accuracy of 1 Meter (/-)

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GPS Development Timeline
TRANSIT Navigation System
1st GPS S/V (B-II) launch
GPS FOC (24 B-II S/Vs)
S/A turned off!!!
surveying
RTK
1993
1978
1995
2000
1960
1989
1997
2005
1st GPS S/V (B-IIR-M) launch
1st GPS S/V (B-IIR) launch
1st GPS S/V (B-I) launch
GPS IOC (24 S/Vs)
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SIGNAL STRUCTURE
L1 19 cm L2 24 cm
?
Carrier
Code
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SIGNAL STRUCTURE
Carrier L1 L2 Frequency 1575.42
MHz 1227.60 MHz Wavelength
19cm 24cm Code Modulation C/A-code -
P(Y)-code P(Y)-code NAVDATA NAVDATA
C/A - Coarse Acquisition Code P - Precise Code
(Y-Code when encrypted) NAVDATA - Satellite
health, satellite clock corrections,
orbital parameters
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Autonomous Positioning Today
13m
Vertical accuracy 22 m

• C/A Code on L1
• No Selective Availability (since 5/1/00)

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Autonomous GPS Accuracy
25 hrs _at_ 1 fix/15 sec 6,000 fixes Mean Fix
0.8m _at_ 212 deg 50 of fixes w/in 1.8m 68 of
fixes w/in 2.4m 95 of fixes w/in 4.2m 99 of
fixes w/in 5.7m
6.3 meters
5.0
3.8
2.5
1.3

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MORE Autonomous GPS Accuracy
96 hrs _at_ 1 fix/15 sec 23,040 fixes Mean Fix
0.7m _at_ 253 deg 50 of fixes w/in 1.9m 68 of
fixes w/in 2.5m 95 of fixes w/in 4.7m 99 of
fixes w/in 6.9m
125 meters
100
75
50
25

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GPS Control SegmentUSAF NGA Monitor
StationsLegacy - Accuracy Improvement Initiative
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GPS User Range Error (URE) History
Accuracy Specification
Actual Performance
System accuracy far exceeds current specification
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Relative Positioning
Mapping Accuracy (m-level) - Post-Processed -
Real-Time Differential (NDGPS, WAAS,
etc.) Survey Accuracy (cm-level) -
Post-Processed - Real-Time Kinematic (RTK,
Network RTK)
Data or Correction
Reference Station
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New Mexico CORS UNAVCO-PBO P026 P028 P034 P03
5 P036 P038 P039 RBUT SC01 FAA ZAB1 USCG AB
Q1 NOAA-GSD AZCN TCUN WSMN NASA PIE1 NMDOT NM
RO NMSF
future CORS
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CORS Data Quality
N (cm)
E (cm)
Up (cm)
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Online Positioning User Service (OPUS)

• Submit GPS data to OPUS Web site
• www.ngs.noaa.gov/OPUS/
• Processed automatically
• Tied to 3 suitable CORS
• Solution via email - in minutes
• Fast, easy consistent access to NSRS

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OPUS Usage April 05 March 06
Total 133,097
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NDGPS Regional Coverage
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Maritime Differential GPS System

• Designed to an international, non-proprietary
  standard w/ optimal frequencies for surface
  transportation
• 50 countries operate compatible systems resulting
  in a seamless international navigation system

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High Accuracy NDGPS
10-15 cm accuracy at 150 miles on a dynamic
platform (boat)
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FAA - Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)
2
1
3
4
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WAAS-Corrected GPS Accuracy
25 hrs _at_ 1 fix/15 sec 6,000 fixes Mean Fix
0.9m _at_ 234 deg 50 of fixes w/in 1.6m 68 of
fixes w/in 2.7m 95 of fixes w/in 4.0m 99 of
fixes w/in 5.6m
6.3 meters
5.0
3.8
2.5
1.3

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Autonomous GPS Accuracy
25 hrs _at_ 1 fix/15 sec 6,000 fixes Mean Fix
0.8m _at_ 212 deg 50 of fixes w/in 1.8m 68 of
fixes w/in 2.4m 95 of fixes w/in 4.2m 99 of
fixes w/in 5.7m
6.3 meters
5.0
3.8
2.5
1.3

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Aeronautical Augmentation Systems
MSAS
GAGAN
EGNOS
WAAS
MTSAT
INMARSAT
ARTEMIS
INMARSAT
GPS
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Block III
Block IIR-M, IIF
Block IIA/IIR

• III IIF capabilities
• Improved civil signal (L1C)
• Increased accuracy (4.8-1.2m)
• Navigation surety
• Increased A/J power (20 dB)

• IIR-M IIA/IIR capabilities
• 2nd civil signal (L2C)
• New military code
• Flex A/J power (7dB)
• IIF IIR-M capability plus
• 3rd civil signal (L5)

• IIA / IIR Basic GPS
• C/A civil signal (L1C/A)
• Std Service, 16-24m SEP
• Precise Service, 16m SEP
• L1 L2 P(Y) nav

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GPS III Spot Beam Concept
Spot Beam commands
dissemination via Crosslink
Spot Beam command
Messaging
via CONUS GA
Spot
Beam
Spot Beam
request
Theater
Theater
MCS
planning

GPS III Spot Beam enables 24/7 Military Ops in
multiple jammed environments with no mobility
constraints
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Autonomous GPS Positioning 2015 (?)
Better resistance to interference
1 m

• C/A Code on L1
• L2C Code on L2
• L5 Code

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Comparison of GNSS Systems
GPS
GALILEO
GLONASS

• 6 orbital planes
• 24 satellites spare
• 55 inclination angle
• altitude 20200 km

• 3 orbital planes
• 21 satellites 3 spare
• 64.8 inclination angle
• altitude 19100 km

• 3 orbital planes
• 27 satellites 3 spare
• 56 inclination angle
• altitude 23616 km

Interoperability / Compatibility (?)
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GLONASS Development

• First operational Satellite December, 1983
• Declared operational - September, 1993
• First M Series (C/A Code on L2) launched
  December, 2004
• Joint venture agreed upon at December, 2005
  Summit with India

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TODAY
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1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
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Galileo Off Running
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Galileo Services
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GNSS Modernization Timeline
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
1ST K-Series
1ST M-Series
Glonass
GPS Block IIR-M / IIF
1ST L2C Code SV
1ST L5 SV
18 Satellites with L2C Code
GPS Block III
1ST Block III SV
Galileo
Commercial Operations Begin
1ST Launch
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• Navigation Information Service
• 24 Hour Contact
• Phone [phone]
• E-mail tis-pf-nisws_at_uscg.mil
• Website www.navcen.uscg.gov

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U.S. Positioning, Navigation, Timing Policy
National Space-Based PNT Coordination Office

• U.S. Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and
  Timing (PNT) Policy
• December, 2004
• Updated U.S. policy while retaining prior GPS
  principles
• Established a stronger National Space-Based PNT
  Executive Committee (Interagency GPS Executive
  Board disestablished)
• Chaired by Deputy Secretaries of Defense and
  Transportation
• Membership includes State, Commerce, Homeland
  Security, JCS, and NASA
• Supported by a new National Coordination Office

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PNT Policy Objectives

• Provide uninterrupted access to U.S. space-based
  PNT services for U.S./allied national security
  capabilities
• Provide space-based civil PNT services free of
  direct user fees on a continuous, worldwide
  basis
• Provide open, free access to information
  necessary to use these civil services
• Improve capabilities to deny hostile use of any
  space-based PNT services - without disrupting
  civil and commercial access
• Maintain the GPS as a component of multiple
  sectors of the U.S. critical infrastructure
• Improve the performance of space-based PNT
• Includes robust resistance to interference for
  civil, commercial, homeland security, and
  scientific users
• Ensure civil services exceed, or are at least
  equivalent to, those of foreign civil
  space-based PNT services
• Ensure that foreign PNT systems are interoperable
  with GPS or, at a minimum, are compatible

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GNSS