Hardware

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Hardware

• Chapter 3

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Purpose of Studying Hardware

• Know what is available
• Know how to evaluate what is available
• Know what will be available in the future, and
  how that impacts current decisions
• Not expected to memorize components and technical
  details

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Bits and Bytes

• Humans use a Base 10 number system. Why?
• Computers operate on voltage gates
• Low vs high
• Binary notation
• Expressed as a series of 0s and 1s
• Can use binary notation to express states within
  computer
• What other binary coding scheme use to be very
  popular?

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Bits and Bytes contd

• What is a Bit?
• Binary digit
• What is a Byte?
• String of 8 bits
• Number Bases
• Base 2 Binary
• Base 8 Octal ( three binary digits)
• Base 16 Hexadecimal (four binary digits)

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Bits and Bytes contd

• How can you store the number 10 within a
  computer?

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Central Processing Unit

• What is the CPU?
• Performs the number crunching
• History of CPUs
• Tubes 46-56
• Transistors 57-63
• Integrated Circuits 64 79
• Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits 80

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Von Neumann Machines
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Von Neumann Machines

• How does multiprocessing affect this model of
  computing?

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Central Processing Unit contd

• How distinguish between CPUs?

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Central Processing Unit contd

• How distinguish between CPUs (contd)?

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Central Processing Unit contd

• Why doesnt software written for a MAC run on an
  Intel-based PC?

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Primary Storage

• Memory
• Place where information needed for current
  processing is stored. May include
• Operating system instructions
• Program instructions
• Data to be processed
• RAM
• Random access memory
• Volatile
• Chips

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Primary Storage (contd)

• ROM (PROM, EPROM, EEPROM)
• Read only memory
• NonVolatile
• Critical instructions retained
• E.g., booting instructions
• Slower than RAM
• Cache memory
• Very fast, expensive, close to CPU
• Stores info used most frequently by CPU
• Smaller than RAM

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Primary Storage (contd)

• Concepts
• Virtual Storage

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Secondary Storage

• Place to store large amounts of information for
  an extended period of time
• Features
• Nonvolatile
• Takes longer to retrieve
• Cost effective
• Examples
• Hard drive
• Zip drive
• CD

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Secondary Storage (contd)

• CDs
• What does 10X mean?

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Input Options

• Touch screens
• Source Data Automation
• Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
• Optical Character Recognition
• Bar Code Scanners
• Point-of-Sale terminal
• Voice recognition

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Output Options

• Printers
• Impact vs non-impact
• Microfilm
• Turnaround documents
• Audio

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I/O Options

• What is a USB?
• Why is this standard important?

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Considerations in the Purchase of Hardware

• Factor What to Look For
• Power Greater frequency and word size, larger
• Expandability Greater number of board slots for
  additional RAM
• Ports Greater number of ports for printer,
  external hard disk, communication devices and
  other peripherals
• Ergonomics Greater comfort and safety
• Compatibility Comparability with many other
  computers and peripheral devices, as swell as
  software packages
• Footprint Smaller area
• Support Availability of telephone and on-line
  support for troubleshooting
• Warranty Longer warranty period
• Cost Lower cost

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Discussion Questions

• Which industries cannot use imaging to improve
  their operations? Why?

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Discussion Questions (contd)

• Large computers, such as mainframes and
  supercomputers, have no future True or False?
  Why?

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Discussion Questions (contd)

• Would you replace a PC with a PDA for your
  studies or work?

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Discussion Questions (contd)

• Preferred storage medium? Why?
• Airline Reservation System
• Employee information (benefits)
• Online answers to FAQs

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Discussion Questions (contd)

• Health hazards?
• General physical and emotional stress
• Muscular-skeletal problems
• Vision problems

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Discussion Questions (contd)

• How would you use touch screens? What could they
  replace?

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Discussion Questions (contd)

• Would you replace your telephone and TV if your
  PC was an integrated device that could perform
  all tasks?

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Discussion Questions (contd)

• Advantages and disadvantages of electronic
  books

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Discussion Questions (contd)

• Are PCs a commodity?
• A commodity is any item that is highly available
  for a relatively low price in a highly
  competitive market

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Case

• Describe the system used by Valley Hospital
• Give two examples of errors less likely to happen
  with the system
• Is the new technology more acceptable to younger
  or older
• Doctors
• Nurses
• Patients
• What factors influence the acceptance of these
  types of systems?

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Case (contd)

• Does the system totally eliminate errors?
• In blood samples
• In drug dispensing
• What other technologies could be employed to
  reduce errors?