CS B551: Elements of Artificial Intelligence

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CS B551 Elements of Artificial Intelligence

• Instructor Kris Hauser
• http//cs.indiana.edu/hauserk

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Basics

• Class web site
• http//cs.indiana.edu/courses/b551
• Textbook
• S. Russell and P. Norvig
• Artificial Intelligence a Modern Approach
• 2nd edition

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Basics

• Instructor
• Kris Hauser (hauserk_at_indiana.edu)
• AIs
• Ik Hyun Park (ikpark_at_indiana.edu)
• Mark Wilson (mw54_at_indiana.edu)

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Office Hours

• Kris Hauser
• M,Th 1-2 in Lindley 301F
• Ik Hyun Park
• Th 130-330 in TBA
• Mark Wilson
• M 10-12 in Lindley 406

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Agenda

• Intro to AI
• Overview of class policies

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Intro to AI
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What is AI?

• AI is the reproduction of human reasoning and
  intelligent behavior by computational methods

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What is AI?

• AI is an attempt of reproduction of human
  reasoning and intelligent behavior by
  computational methods

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What is AI?

• Discipline that systematizes and automates
  reasoning processes to create machines that

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• The goal of AI is to build machines that operate
  in the same way that humans think
• How do humans think?
• Build machines according to theory, test how
  behavior matches minds behavior
• Cognitive Science
• Manipulation of symbolic knowledge
• How does hardware affect reasoning? Discrete
  machines, analog minds

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• The goal of AI is to build machines that perform
  tasks that seem to require intelligence when
  performed by humans
• Take a task at which people are better, e.g.
• Prove a theorem
• Play chess
• Plan a surgical operation
• Diagnose a disease
• Navigate in a building
• and build a computer system that does it
  automatically
• But do we want to duplicate human imperfections?

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• The goal of AI is to build machines that make
  the best decisions given current knowledge and
  resources
• Best depending on some utility function
• Influences from economics, control theory
• How do self-consciousness, hopes, fears,
  compulsions, etc. impact intelligence?
• Where do utilities come from?

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What is Intelligence?

• If there were machines which bore a resemblance
  to our bodies and imitated our actions as closely
  as possible for all practical purposes, we should
  still have two very certain means of recognizing
  that they were not real men. The first is that
  they could never use words, or put together
  signs, as we do in order to declare our thoughts
  to others Secondly, even though some machines
  might do some things as well as we do them, or
  perhaps even better, they would inevitably fail
  in others, which would reveal that they are
  acting not from understanding,
• Discourse on the Method, by Descartes (1598-1650)

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What is Intelligence?

• Turing Test (c. 1950)

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An Application of the Turing Test

• CAPTCHA Completely Automatic Public Turing tests
  to tell Computers and Humans Apart

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Chinese Room (John Searle)
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Can Machines Act/Think Intelligently?

• Yes, if intelligence is narrowly defined as
  information processingAI has made impressive
  achievements showing that tasks initially assumed
  to require intelligence can be automated
• Each success of AI seems to push further the
  limits of what we consider intelligence

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Some Achievements

• Computers have won over world champions in
  several games, including Checkers, Othello, and
  Chess, but still do not do well in Go
• AI techniques are used in many systems formal
  calculus, video games, route planning, logistics
  planning, pharmaceutical drug design, medical
  diagnosis, hardware and software
  trouble-shooting, speech recognition, traffic
  monitoring, facial recognition, medical image
  analysis, part inspection, etc...
• DARPA Grand Challenge robotic car autonomously
  traversed 132 miles of desert
• Some industries (automobile, electronics) are
  highly robotized, while other robots perform
  brain and heart surgery, are rolling on Mars,
  fly autonomously, , but home robots still
  remain a thing of the future

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Can Machines Act/Think Intelligently?

• Yes, if intelligence is narrowly defined as
  information processingAI has made impressive
  achievements showing that tasks initially assumed
  to require intelligence can be automated
• Maybe yes, maybe not, if intelligence cannot be
  separated from consciousness
• Is the machine experiencing thought?
• Strong vs. Weak AI

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Big Open Questions

• Is intelligent behavior just information
  processing?(Physical symbol system hypothesis)
• If so, can the human brain solve problems that
  are inherently intractable for computers? Will a
  general theory of intelligence emerge from
  neuroscience?
• In a human being, where is the interface between
  intelligence and the rest of human nature
• Self-consciousness, emotions, compulsions
• What is the role of the body?(Mind-body problem)

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• AI contributes to building an information
  processing model of human beings, just as
  Biochemistry contributes to building a model of
  human beings based on bio-molecular interactions
• Both try to explain how a human being operates
• Both also explore ways to avoid human
  imperfections (in Biochemistry, by engineering
  new proteins and drug molecules in AI, by
  designing rational reasoning methods)
• Both try to produce new useful technologies
• Neither explains (yet?) the true meaning of being
  human

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Main Areas of AI

• Knowledge representation (including formal logic)
• Search, especially heuristic search (puzzles,
  games)
• Planning
• Reasoning under uncertainty, including
  probabilistic reasoning
• Learning
• Robotics and perception
• Natural language processing

Agent
Perception
Robotics
Reasoning
Search
Learning
Knowledgerep.
Constraintsatisfaction
Planning
Naturallanguage
...
Expert Systems
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Bits of History

• 1956 The name Artificial Intelligence is
  coined
• 60s Search and games, formal logic and theorem
  proving
• 70s Robotics, perception, knowledge
  representation, expert systems
• 80s More expert systems, AI becomes an industry
• 90s Rational agents, probabilistic reasoning,
  machine learning
• 00s Systems integrating many AI methods,
  machine learning, reasoning under uncertainty,
  robotics again

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Syllabus

• Introduction to AI
• Philosophy, history, agent frameworks
• Search
• Uninformed search, heuristic search, heuristics
• Search applications (and variants)
• Constraint satisfaction, planning, game playing,
  motion planning
• Reasoning under uncertainty
• Probability, planning under uncertainty, Bayesian
  networks, probabilistic inference, dynamic
  modeling
• Intro to machine learning
• Neural nets, decision tree learning, support
  vector machines, etc.

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Game theory
Biologically-inspired computing
Computer Vision
E626
B553
I486
B657
Knowledge representation and learning
B551
B552
S626
S675
Robotics
B335
???
Natural Language Processing
Topics in AI
B651
B659
Q360
Q570
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Careers in AI

• Pure AI
• Academic, some labs
• Applied AI
• Almost any area of CS!
• NLP, vision, robotics
• Economics
• Cognitive Science

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AI References

• Conferences
• IJCAI, ECAI, AAAI, NIPS
• Journals
• AI, Comp. I, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach.
  Intel., IEEE Int. Sys., Journal of AIR
• Societies
• AAAI, SIGART, AISB
• AI Magazine (David Leake)

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Class Policies
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Grading

• 60 Homework
• Lowest score will be dropped
• 30 Final
• 10 Participation

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Programming Assignments

• Projects will be written in Python
• Great for scripting
• Peter Norvig, Director of Research at Google, and
  textbook author
• Easy to learn
• 2 weeks for each assignment

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Homework Policy

• Due at end of class on due date
• Typically Tuesdays
• Extensions only granted in rare cases
• Require advance notice except emergencies

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Final Project

• Encouraged if you are intending to do research or
  coursework in AI, pursue higher degree
• Individual or small groups (up to 3)
• Counts for 20 of homework grade
• Content
• Software, new research, or technical report
• Mid-semester project proposal
• End-of-year report and in-class presentation

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Enrollment

• Add/drop deadline
• No penalty Sept 4
• Late drop/add Oct 28
• Waitlist deadline Sept 5

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Swine Flu
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Takeaways

• AI has many interpretations
• Act vs. think, human-like vs. rational
• Concept has evolved
• I has many interpretations
• Turing test
• Chinese room
• AI success stories from each perspective

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Homework

• Register
• Textbook
• Survey
• http//cs.indiana.edu/classes/b551
• Readings RN Ch. 1, 2, 26

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What is Intelligence?

• Total Turing Test
• Physical interaction