Chapter 16....yay

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Chapter 1-6....yay

• Zach Vessels
• Carolyn Bell
• Karen Trexler
• Cassie Gruettert
• Shelby Ditto

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From Human Prehistory to Early Civilization

• Neolithic (New Stone Age) tool users who
  deliberately crafted tools to hunt for and
  prepare food.
• They differed from all other animals, few others
  are tool users but none made their own tools
• Use of fire for cooking allowed early humans to
  eat a wider variety of foods, introduced to diet
  of more protein based
• We know these early humans could talk making
  communication easier

3
Human life in the Era of hunters and Gatherers

• Hunting and gather was the economy that dominated
  history until 9000 B.C.E.
• This economy helped propel migration over most of
  the lands of the earth
• (Comparing to other animals such as primates)
• Human beings had drawbacks as a species, they
  were unusually aggressive against own kind
• Human babies are dependent for a long period,
  require special childcare
• Human species have knowledge of death creating
  unique fears and tensions as drawbacks
• Distinctive features of humans species account
  for positive outcomes, opposable thumbs allow to
  manipulate objects easily
• Humans beings have a relatively high and regular
  sexual drive, which aids reproduction
• Humans are omnivores, thus not being tied down to
  one food source, which allows us to be able to
  sustain life in different climates and settings
• Facial expressions aids communication and
  enhances social life
• Have distinctive brain and elaborate speech
• Much of human history depends on the knowledge,
  inventions, and social contracts that resulted
  from these assets

4
Human Life Before Agriculture

• Paleolithic Age is the Old Stone Age ending in
  12,000 B.C.E, period of using crude stone tools
  and hunting and gathering (14,000 years long)
• In this time human beings learned simple tool use
  mainly by shaping a rock and putting it on a
  stick for hunting and warfare
• The nature changed during this period with
  emphasis on more erect stature and growing brain
  capacity

5
Late Paleolithic Developments

• Evidence shows that more advanced types of humans
  killed off competitors over time, which explains
  why there is only one basic human type today
• Homo sapiens the human species that emerged as
  most successful at the end of Paleolithic period
• Most hunting groups were small and had to roam
  widely for food
• Two people required at least one square mile for
  survival
• Population growth was slow
• People did not have to work very hard only
  averaging seven hours a day out hunting
• Women worked harder gathering fruits and
  vegetables
• But there was a significant equality between the
  sexes based on common economic contributions
• Paleolithic people improved tools use, developed
  rituals to lessen the fear of death and created
  cave paintings to express a sense of natures
  beauty and power.
• Goddesses often played a prominent role in the
  religious pantheon, thus creating a sense of
  culture
• Their culture is a system of belief that helped
  explain the environment and the set up rules for
  various kinds of social behavior
• Greatest achievement of Paleolithic people was
  the sheer spread of the human species over much
  of earths surface
• The migration was caused by the need to look for
  food
• When the ice age ended living conditions in
  northern hemisphere improved and human
  development accelerated
• In the Mesolithic (middle stone) Age, a span of
  several thousand years, human ability to fashion
  stone tools improved greatly
• Learned how to sharpen tools to make better
  weapons and cutting edges
• Animal bones used for needles and precise tools
• Made more log rafts and dugouts that improved
  fishing, and manufacture of pots and baskets for
  food storage
• Mesolithic people domesticated more animals which
  improved food supply

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The Neolithic Revolution

• Centered on the development of agriculture
• With agriculture, humans were able to settle in
  one spot and focus on particular economic,
  political, and religious goals and activities
• Increase in amount of people in the world, from
  early Neolithic at 6-8 million to about 100
  million 3000 years later
• Agriculture- the deliberate planting of grains
  for later harvest- was triggered by two results
  of the ice ages end
• First, population increases stemming from
  climate, prompted people to search for new and
  more reliable food source
• Second the big game such as mastodons retreat
  after the ice age
• Lack of food and constant moving led to
  deliberate planting of seeds and the improvement
  of key grains through the4 selection of seeds
  from the best plants
• Farming evolved led to new animals being
  domesticated for meat, skins, and soon to be
  discovered dairy
• Neolithic revolution- the succession of
  technological innovations and changes in human
  organization that led to the development of
  agriculture
• Agriculture could support far more people per
  square mile than hunting ever could
• Agriculture required more regular work then
  hunting did
• Settled agricultural societies suffered from more
  contagious diseases because of denser population
  concentrations
• The discovery of metal tools dates back to about
  4000 B.C.E
• Copper was the first metal with which people
  learned how to work
• Bronze age- from about 4000 B.C.E. when bronze
  tools were first introduced in the middle east,
  to about 1500 B.C.E. when iron began to replace
  it
• Metalworking was extremely useful in agriculture,
  metal hoes and other tools allowed farmers to
  work the ground more efficiently
• Like agriculture, knowledge of metals gradually
  fanned out to other parts of Asia, Africa, and
  Europe

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Civilization

• The emergence of civilization occurred in many
  though not all agricultural societies
• Early civilization formed in Mesopotamia, Egypt,
  the Indus River basin, and China
• Agriculture encouraged the formation of larger as
  well as more stable human communities
• Slash and burn a system of cultivation typical
  of shifting cultivators, forest floors are
  cleared by fire and then planted
• Band- a level of social organization normally
  consisting of 20-30 people, nomadic hunters and
  gatherers, labor divided on a general basis
• Benefits of becoming sedentary civilization
• House could be built to last, create a irrigation
  system and sense of defense
• Catal Huyuk early urban culture based on
  sedentary agriculture, located in modern day
  Turkey, was larger in population than Jericho,
  had greater degree of social stratification.
  House were lavishly decorated, seemed that people
  spent much time on roof tops.
• Civilization societies distinguished by
  reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to
  produce food surpluses, and existence of non
  farming elites, as well as merchants and
  manufacturing groups
• Cuneiform a form of writing developed by the
  Sumerians using a wedged shaped stylus and clay
  tablets
• Societies that employ a writing can organize a
  more elaborate political structures because of
  their ability to send messages and keep records
• Can tax more efficiently and make contracts and
  treaties
• Societies with writing explicit more intellectual
  climate because of their ability to record data
• No hunting or nomadic peoples could generate a
  civilizationthey lacked the stability and
  resources
• People in civilizations, during time period of
  being surrounded by nomadic people,
  characteristically looked down on any society
  lacking civilization barbarian
• Nomads- cattle and sheep herding societies
  normally found on the fringes of civilized
  societies, commonly referred to as barbarians by
  civilized societies
• Civilizations often have firmer class or caste
  divisions, including slaves
• Promoted greater separation between the rulers
  and the ruled, monarchs and the subjects
• Greater inequality between men and women than in
  hunter gatherer societies

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Tigris-Euphrates Civilization

• Most noteworthy achievement of earliest
  civilization were early versions of
  organizational and cultural forms, formal code of
  law, city planning, architecture and institutions
  for trade
• Middle east generated the first example of human
  civilization
• It was founded in the valley of Tigris and
  Euphrates river in a part of the middle east
  called Mesopotamia
• Developed from scratch
• They had a well-established pottery industry and
  interesting artistic forms
• Sumerians developed a cuneiform alphabet first
  used different pictures to represent spoken
  sounds
• May have had 2000 symbols, but later reduced to
  300
• Sumerian art developed steadily, as statue and
  painted frescoes were used to adorn the temples
  of the gods
• Sumerian science aided to agriculture and
  learning more about the movement of the sun and
  stars, which led to founding of the science
  astronomy, and improved mathematical knowledge
• Sumerians developed complex religious rituals
• Ziggurats- massive towers usually associated with
  the Mesopotamian temple complexes
• Sumerian political structure stressed tightly
  organized city states
• City states a form of political organization
  typical of Mesopotamian civilizations, consisted
  of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban
  based king
• The Sumerians fell to people called the
  Akkadians, but they continued much of Sumerian
  culture
• Babylonian empire- unified all of Mesopotamia,
  collapsed due to foreign invasion
• Under Babylonian rule the king, Hammurabi
  introduced the most famous early code of law
• His code established rules of procedure for
  courts of law and regulated property rights and
  duties of family, creating punishments for crimes
  
• The Babylon people constantly felt pressure of
  invasion from hunting and herding groups

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Egyptian Civilization

• Second center of civilization aroused in northern
  Africa, along the Nile river
• benefited from trade and technological influence
  of Mesopotamia, but produced a different culture
• Egypt was less open to invasion which kept a
  unified state throughout most of its history
• the kings, or pharaohs possessed great power
• Egyptian economy was more fully government
  directed than Mesopotamian
• pharaohs had god like status and built splendid
  tombs for them selves know as pyramids
• Egyptian influence spread up the Nile to an area
  now know as Sudan
• Kush- an African state that developed along the
  Nile river, conquered Egypt and ruled it for
  several centuries
• Egyptian science and alphabet was not as
  elaborate as the Mesopotamian

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Indian and Chinese River Valley Civilizations

• river valley civilizations developed in two other
  centers
• Indus river valley river sources in Himalayas
  to mouth in Arabian Sea
• had trading contacts with people of Mesopotamia
• made their own distinctive alphabet
• Civilization along the Huanghe (yellow river) in
  china was brought up in isolation with some
  trading with India and middle east
• they learned how to ride horses and skilled at
  pottery
• their writing system started with scratches of
  lines on bone and led to the invention of
  ideographic symbols
• Astronomy arose early
• did not construct many massive monuments because
  of lack of material
• Shang firs t Chinese dynasty for which
  archeological evidence exists, capital located in
  Ordos, bulge of the Huanghe

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The heritage of the River Valley Civilization

• important achievements that had lasting impacts-
  the pyramids, invention of wheel, the taming of a
  horse, creation of alphabet and writing system,
  basic mathematics, well organized monarchies and
  bureaucracies, and the invention of calendar
• most of the river valley civilizations were in
  decline by the 1000 B.C.E.
• Phoenicians- seafaring civilizations located on
  the shores of the eastern Mediterranean,
  established colonies throughout the Mediterranean
  
• the most influential of the smaller Middle east
  groups were the Jews, who gave the world the
  first clearly developed monotheistic religion
• monotheism the exclusive worship of a single
  god, introduced by Jews into western civilization

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Chapter 2 Classical China

• . Time Frame
• Kung Fuzi aka Confucius (551-478 B.C.E)
• Wandering scholar who sought the perfect ruler to
  advise
• Followers became philosophers and, after his
  death in the late 5th century B.C.E, made his
  wisdom into analects which became the foundation
  of Confucius China.
• His antelects created an ethical, not religious
  system which encouraged relationships in family,
  respect for elders, male authority, veneration of
  house holds ancestors, etiquette of rulers and
  subjects, importance of art, music, and
  calligraphy
• Zhou Dynasty (1029-258 B.C.E)
• Dominated Chinese civilization along Huanghe
  (yellow) river
• Had disruptions such as nomadic invasions and
  rival kingdoms
• Wars between kingdoms and invasion caused
  frequent banditry, commerce was threatened, and
  displaced peasants and warrior bands
• Shi Huangdi
• Quin Dynasty (221-207 B.C.E)
• Restored Chinese political unity
• Confucian social and political norms were
  replaced by authoritarian alternatives
• His death lead to revolt
• Han Dynasty (202 B.C.E-220 C.E)
• Lasted with brief interruptions for over 400
  years
• Chinese civilization was consolidated and unity
  was established in the old core regions.
  Political control was extended in all directions
• Founded largest, most effective, and enduring
  bureaucracy in preindustrial world. Saw
  development of first civil service examinations
  and professionalization of Chinese administration
  
• Dao

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• Patterns in Classical China
• Zhou dynasty (1029-258 B.C.E)
• Dynasty reached its height at 700 B.C.E
• Dynasty came into china from north displacing the
  Shang rulers. The alliance system the Zhou rulers
  used as the basis for there rule were standard in
  agricultural kingdoms
• They settled and brought peace into Yangzi River
  valley
• Middle kingdom while the Zhou were too weak to
  take the territory over directly, they expanded
  settlement from the Huanghe to the Yangtze,
  became chinas core called middle kingdom.
  Provided rich agricultural lands plus benefits of
  two different agricultures- what in the north and
  rice in the south
• Mandate of Heaven Zhou rulers claimed heaven had
  transferred Shags mandate to ruler china to the
  Zhou emperors. This concept remained a key
  justification for Chinese imperial rule. Emperors
  were called sons of heaven.
• Shi Huangdi ( 221-207 B.C.E)
• Great wall was built- 3,000 miles long, largest
  construction project in human history, built by
  forced labor among peasants
• Innovations
• Census ordered a national census that provided
  data for the calculation of tax revenues and
  labor services
• The government standardized coinage, weights, and
  measurements
• The government made Chinese written script
  uniform, completing the process of creating a
  single basic language which all educated Chinese
  used to communicate
• Han Dynasty (202 B.C.E.-220 C.E)
• Reached into Korea, indochina, central Asia,
  increased contact with Indias Parthian Empire
• Wu Ti (140-87 B.C.E.) most famous Han ruler,
  enforced peace though much of the continent of
  Asia. Brought prosperity. Embraced by
  Confucianism.

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• Political Institutions
• Political traditions of classical china
• Patricial family
• Ancestor warship
• Semi-autonomous villages
• Nobles
• Had local authority
• Created local armies
• Regional governors
• Bureaucracies
• Had extensive examination systems for
  bureaucracies
• Has school systems

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• Religion and Culture
• balance and unifying traditions
• Kung Fuzi
• Respect elders, leaders show moderation, rank
  based on intelligence
• Legalism
• Alternative to Confucianism
• Supported authoritarian state
• Believed in an evil nature of humans
• Daoism
• More religious than others
• Laozi (5th cent B.C.E.)
• Believed in the force of nature
• had an ethical code
• Art expanded
• Calligraphy
• Science- said 365.5 days a year

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• Economy and Society
• Traded wheat for rice
• Agriculture used ox-drawn plows
• Used water powered mills
• How Chinese Civilization Fits Together
• Were isolated which made for strong sense of
  society
• Confucianism and bureaucracy worked together to
  establish strong system
• Political stability lead to economic growth
• Were divided by Confucianism and Daoism

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Chapter 3- India

• Framework for Indian History Geography and a
  formative period
• -Trading Trading systems didnt really impact
  India, but it didnt really develop late in
  India. But it had many influences among the
  Middle East and Mediterranean world. At the
  Deccan Plateau, active trading and seafaring
  economy arose.
• -Alexander the great came and invaded India,
  which created contacts among the Hellenistic
  culture.
• -Indian happened to be isolated, but not as much
  as China. India developed unique economic
  diversity, racial and language differences. They
  made their contacts through the Himalayas by
  making important routes that linked them and the
  Middle East, but was still set apart from Asia.
• -For India, the 2 most important mountainous
  northern regions were the Indus and the Ganges.
• -When the monsoon seasons came, there either be
  rich abundance of crops or sometimes would bring
  catastrophic floods. At times, the monsoons would
  not come and bring grim starvation.
• -The Vedic age (1500 to 1000 BCE) agriculture
  extended from the Indus River to more fertile
  Gangus valley. Aryans would use iron tools to
  clear the dense vegetation.
• -Sunskrit was the 1st literary language of the
  new culture the sacred books were called Vedas.
• -Muhabharata was Indias greatest epic poem the
  Upanishads was an epic poem with a more mystical
  religious flavor.
• -Village chiefs organized village defense and
  regulated the property ownership.
• -Caste system or Varnas or subgroups called
  Jati
• Top Priestly Class (Brahmins)
• Vaisyas (Traders and farmers)
• Middle Sudras (Common laborers)
• Lowest Untouchables (Transporting dead or
  hauling refuse)
• -Mainly India was polytheistic and believed that
  nature was a divine force they would sacrifice
  animals such as monkeys or cattle.
• -Gautama Buddha created the new religion Buddhism.

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• Political Instructions
• -Regionalism was the most political feature of
  India.
• -Autocratic and Emperors outlines the history of
  India.
• -The early rulers in Gupta dynasty felt that they
  were appointed by the Gods and were major
  believers in Hinduism.
• -They created taxation for all agricultural
  fields, but they had no political theory.
• -After the epic age, the Jati expanded to over
  300 new subgroups.
• -When a person was in one caste group, to expand
  to a higher level from where you were born in or
  if you were to marry someone of a higher caste
  was almost impossible. But, a person could marry
  another of a lower caste or could work for a
  lower caste.
• -The conquered and conquerors could live together
  without conflict. Also, different caste groups
  could live side by side with no ownership of
  slavery.

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• Religion and Culture
• -Within India, the religion Hinduism, was far
  more popular than Buddhism. Because Hinduism had
  the ability to adapt to different needs of
  various groups.
• -The Upanishads came up with idea of mystical
  contact with divine essence.
• -Mystics also called Guras who gathered disciples
  around them.
• -The basic holly essence was called Brahma. They
  were believe to have manifested into forms of
  several different Gods.
• -Hindus believed in the idea of reincarnation.
  Which ment that souls do not die when bodies do
  but pass on to another being, that could be
  animal or human.
• -Once the soul has had many good lives, they pass
  on to a full union with the soul of brahma.
• -Some would practice yoga which allowed the
  mind to be free to concentrate on the divine
  spirit. While others would they would have proper
  ceremonies in the cremation of bodies at death,
  appropriate prayers, and obedience to injunctions
  like treating cows (sacred animals).
• -Dharma stresses your inner study and meditation,
  which will build the divine essence within each
  creature, which caused them to not need a fixed
  set of moral rules.
• -Buddha (Enlightened one) was later born, and
  gathered disicples to spread his word he
  believed in the idea of reincarnation, but didnt
  like the idea of a caste system. Argued that a
  holy life could be gained by people at every
  level of caste. They spread by the teachings of
  monks organized in monasteries.
• -Nirvana The realm that suffering and decay are
  no more.
• -Indian literature became popular, as they
  started to write more about love or lively story
  lines. Drama came to India, which was mainly
  about love between a man and a woman.
• -Within the research or scientists, they learned
  more about astronomy(distance around the earth,
  daily rotation of earth, and theory of gravity)
  and medicine (vaccine for smallpox and
  sterilization).
• -The Indian numbering system is the one we use
  today.

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• Economy and Society
• -The caste system shaped the society of India.
  Low-caste individuals did not have as many legal
  rights as high-caste individuals.
• -A wife were to worship her husband as if a God.
  Some hindus believed that a woman could not
  receive Brahma without being reincarnated into a
  man. Arranged marriages for woman came to.
• -Families were important, as the males were the
  main authority and should not abuse a woman and
  children were treated respectfully.
• -Southern Indians traded with Middle East and
  Roman Empire with cotton, silks, dyes, drugs,
  gold, and ivory and would receive pottery, wine,
  metals, and some slaves (mainly gold).

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• Indian Influence
• -India did not attempt political domination
  dealing instead with the regional kingdoms of
  Burma, Thailand, parts of Indonesia, and Vietnam.
  The Indian merchants would marry into local royal
  families. Indian temples were constructed and art
  traveled widely.
• -Buddhism spread from India to many parts of SE
  Asia.

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• China and India
• -Religion in India settled on just one primary
  religion, while in China opted for separate
  religious and philosophical systems.
• -Political structure and values were somewhat the
  same in India, but Indian caste system involved a
  social rigidity greater than China.
• -They were both agricultural societies, and
  relied on a large peasant class.
• -Both family structures were similar, for the
  father was the main power of the household.
• -Indian merchants played a greater role than
  those in China. India had more sea trade, more
  commercial viability.

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Chapter 4

• People
• Xerxes-new Persian king, took charge of plan to
  conquer Greeks
• Themistocles-Athenian leader
• Alexander the Great- young Macedonian king who
  was tutored by Aristotle
• Cyrus the Great-established a massive Persian
  Empire across the northern Middle East into
  Northwestern India
• Pericles-most famous Greek political figure,
  dominated Athenian politics in 5th century
  BCE-aristocrat
• Philip II of Macedon-won the battle in 338 BCE
• Hannibal-Carthaginian general during the second
  Punic War successfully invaded Italy but failed
  to conquer Rome finally defeated at Battle of
  Zama
• Julius Caesar- Roman general responsible for
  conquest of Gaul brought army back to Rome and
  overthrew republic assassinated in 44 BCE by
  conservative senators
• Augustus Caesar- name given to Octavian following
  his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra first
  emperor of Rome
• Deodetian and Constantine-strong emperors,
  attempted to reverse tide (government becoming
  less effective)
• Cicero-roman writer, active senator
• Names changed from mythology
• Zeus or Jupiter- creator or father god
• Apollo-god of son
• Neptune-goddess of oceans
• Mars-inspiring wars
• Venus-human love, beauty
• --------------------------------------------------
  --------------------------

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• Classical Civilization in the Mediterranean
  Greece and Rome
• Persian invasion of Greece began as
  punishmentrevolt of several Greek city-states
• Greeks won Battle of Marathon
• Persia decided to attack Athens by sea but failed
• Xerxes made a military that outnumbered Greeks by
  two to one
• Persia still lost by getting tricked to go to a
  battle field thinking they were fighting a weak
  group when in fact it was a complete army fleet
• Massive Persian empire developedspurred by
  outside invasion that had produced many
  Mesopotamian empires
• Persian Empire grew largerstable political and
  cultural traditionspersisted in and around
  present day Iran
• Greek society wasnt as successful as China and
  Persiahowever expansion and outreach affected
  large portion of Western Asia and eastern half of
  Mediterranean basin
• Hellenistic EraAlexander the Greats military
  conquests that helped Greek cultural influence
  spread widely was known as this
• Rome mastered in engineering, creating mighty
  empire
• Greece specialized in scientific thought, Greek
  city-states proved inept at forming an empire
• Greek influence was stronger than Roman in
  eastern Mediterranean
• Western Europe had Greco-Roman mixture, Roman
  influence predominating in language and law
• Greek and Romans shared many political ideas
  common religion and artistic styles, developed
  similar economic structure
• Zoroastranismnew religion developed by Persians
• Persian language and culture survived in the
  northeastern portion of the Middle East
• Sassanid Empire emerged again during Romes
  imperial centuries

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• Patterns of Greek and Roman History
• Greece
• Greek culture reached its height during the 5th
  century BCE, influence spread through empire of
  Alexander the Great
• Rome deeply influenced by Greek tradition as it
  developed its republic and its empire
• Rapid rise of civilization in Greece between 800
  and 600 BCE, based on the creation of strong
  city-states instead of single political unit
• Trade developed under city-state sponsorship,
  common cultural forms, a rich written language
  with letters from Phoenician alphabet was spread
  throughout peninsula
• Olympic GamesSparta and Athens
• First represented a strong military aristocracy
  dominating in slave population
• Second was more diverse commercial state,
  extensive use of slaves, proud of artistic and
  intellectual leadership
• Peloponnesian Wars (431-404 BCE)Athens and
  Sparta vied for control of Greece
• Macedonian Kings, in northern part of peninsula,
  then conquered cities
• Alexander extended Macedonian Empire through
  Middle East, across to Persia to border India,
  and southward to Egypt
• Rome
• Roman Republicgradually extended influence over
  the rest of Italian Peninsula
• Punic Warsfought between Rome and Carthage to
  establish dominance in the Western Mediterranean
  won by Rome after 3 separate conflicts
• Roman Empire suffered a slow fall lasting over
  250 years northern people overturned government
  in 476 CE
• Manifested itself in terms of economic
  deterioration and population loss trade levers
  and birth rate fell
• Constantine adopted Christianity in 313

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• Political Institutions
• Greece and Rome both were ruled by aristocrats
  but introduced democratic elements
• Roman Empirehuge territory and population
• Good life of an upper-class Athenian or Roman
  included politics and frequent discussion about
  affairs of state
• Greek city-states and roman republic citizens
  participated in military
• Direct Democracynot ruled through elected
  representatives
• Only minority of Athenian population were active
  citizenswomen had no rights, half of adult males
  werent citizens (slaves or foreigners)
• Senatemost important legislative body, composed
  mainly of aristocrats whose members held
  virtually all executive offices in the Roman
  state
• Consulstwo chief executives or magistrates of
  the roman republic, elected by an annual assembly
  dominated by aristocracy
• Cicero expounded eloquently on appropriate
  political ethics, duties of citizens, importance
  of incorruptible service, and key politics skills
  such as oratory
• Romanstolerance for local customs and religions,
  plus strong military organization, also
  emphasized carefully crafted laws as one factor
  that would hold territories together
• Twelve TablesRomans first code of law by 450 BCE
• Imperial law codes regulated property rights and
  commerce, creating some economic unity in the
  empire
• Most governments concentrated on maintaining
  systems of law courts and military forcesAthens
  and Rome placed importance on military conquest
• Rome undertook public works in forms of roads and
  harbors to facilitate military transport as well
  as commerce
• Roman state especially under the Empire built
  stadiums and public baths to entertain and
  distract subjects

27

• Religion and Culture
• Greece and Rome didnt generate a major religion
• Philosophy, science, and art were the most
  durable elements of classical Mediterranean
  culture
• The characteristic Greco-Roman religion derived
  from a belief in spirits of nature and elevated
  into a complex set of gods and goddesses
• Greeks and Romans had different views on this
  religioninterest more in what the gods could do
  for and reveal about humankind on earth rather
  than the principles that could point people
  toward higher planes of spirituality
• Religion and limitationslack of spiritual
  passion didnt satisfy ordinary workers and
  peasants, specially during political and economic
  chaos
• Mystery religions swept into Greece and Rome,
  secret rituals and fellowship and greater sense
  of contact with unfathomable divine powers
• A division arose between upperclass and popular
  belief
• Stoicsemphasized an inner moral independence, to
  be cultivated by strict discipline of the body
  and by personal bravery
• Plato believed that True, Good and Beautiful
  characterized nature
• Rome and Athens were places of few scientific
  inventions, however Aristotle collected large
  amounts of biological data
• Greeknatures order
• Greek and Hellenistic geometry was impressive
• Romansengineering achievements
• Greekinterested in drama (plays, poetry
  etc)tragedy writers
• Greek artists excelled in ceramic works while
  Romans were painters and produced realistic
  paintings for decoration in wealthy homes
• The Roman Empire is known more for monumental
  athletic performances than for high quality
  popular theater

28

• Economy and Society
• Greek and Roman economies were based on
  commercial agriculture, trade, and slavery
• Developed somewhat different versions of the
  patriarchal family
• Most Greeks and Romans were farmers
• Afterlifea prospect important to many people who
  endured a life of hard labor and poverty
• Farmers had to join the urban lower class or be
  tenants and laborers
• Commercial agriculture in Greece then Rome was a
  prime force leading to establishing an empire
• Slavery was another source
• Athens used slaves for household services, silver
  mines, slaves provided labor force of Athens
  empire and commercial operations
• Sparta used slaves for agricultural work
• Slaves in Rome were also a key factor in military
  expansionhousehold tasks, tutoring of upper
  class children, mines
• Greeks nor Romans were big in technological
  innovations
• Greeks made advances in shipbuilding and
  navigation helping their trading economy
• Romans skill was engineeringproviding good roads
  for the swift and easy movement of troops
• Roman upperclass women had great influence and
  power in the householdbut law and culture not so
  much
• Families that had too many children put the
  female infants to death right away
• Greek and Roman women were active in business and
  controlled at least a small portion of all urban
  property
• The high point of the Roman Empire, before 180 CE
  considered the period in human history that the
  condition of the human race was most happy or
  prosperous by an English historian
• Many citizens however disagree to that statement

29

• Toward the Fall of Rome
• Rome began to decline after 180 CE, losing
  territory and suffering economic reversals
• The later Roman Empire was periodically invaded
  and finally collapsed
• Rome fell more in some parts of the Mediterranean
  than it did in others

30
Classical Period

• The Han and Roman Empires were in full swing
• Indian Ocean provided a network of important
  contacts
• Rome, China, and India
• -Economically and Culturally
  self-sufficient
• -Didnt depend on long-distance trade
• 200-600 C.E. all three civilizations collapsed
  entirely or in part from outside invasion from
  nomadic peoples
• - China, Mediterranean, then India

31
Classical Period Continued

• Roman fleets and Chinese ships regularly sailed
  the oceans
• Rome wanted spices and textiles
• China wanted exotic goods
• In return Southeast Asia would offer their fine
  cotton cloth
• Indian prosperity grew
• - Helped expand Hinduism and Buddhism into
  
• Southeast Asia
• Trading slowed as Gupta dynasty fell and started
  growing again in Indian Ocean w/ Persians
  Greeks. China reasserted itself.

32
Classical Period Continued

• During expansion and integration 550 400 B.C.E.
• -Creative thinkers in all 3 civilizations
• (Confucius, Laozi, Buddha, Socrates)
• - No contact with each other, offering
• very different ideas.
• Political
• - China- greater centralization in politics
  and a matching
• culture.
• - India and Mediterranean more localized
  and diverse.
• - India key religious values in spread
  of Hinduism to cement
• civilization and even political
  boundaries
• - Mediterranean involved less of the
  population (one reason they were
• more vulnerable)

33
Kingdoms of Kush

• 1000 B.C.E. Kingdom of Kush
• - Flourished along Nile
• - Form of writing derived from Egyptian
  hieroglyphics
• - Mastered use of iron
• Axum defeated Kush
• 300 B.C.E. Ethiopia conquered Axum.

34
Agriculture

• 500 C.E. Extension of agriculture
• - Farming took root on southern fringes of
  Sahara.
• - Ghana forming toward end of classical era.
• - New crops helped African farmers push into
  new areas.
• - Northern Europe and Japan had advances in
  agriculture and manufacturing by 200 C.E.
• -

35
Japan

• Mostly Korean migrants over 200,000 years.
• Simple Religion Shintoism a worship of
  political rulers and spirits of nature. The
  national religion in 700 C.E.
• Contact with China and major civilizations in 600
  C.E.

36
Europeans

• Remained one of most backward areas in the world
  till 1000 C.E.
• No writing, except when Latin had been imported.
• Agriculture was primitive as it was still
  combined with hunting.
• Religious beliefs featured a host of gods.

37
Olmec Indians

• Based in Central America, very civilized 800
  400 B.C.E. when they disappeared without a trace.
• Had no writing, but had pyramid shaped religious
  monuments.
• Agriculture was growing crops and domestic
  animals.
• Explored artistic forms and precious stones.
• Accurate and impressive calendars.

38
China

• 100 C.E. Han dynasty in decline.
• Parallel to dramatic collapse of Rome a little
  later.
• Spread of epidemics killed half of population
• End of 6th century China started to revive itself
  and drove out nomadics.
• Tang, one of most glorious periods of Chinese
  history with new styles of art and literature.
• No permanent disruption in China, unlike Rome,
  because classical structure was too strong.

39
India

• Decline of India less dramatic than Han China.
• Gupta emperors control declined over princes by
  5th century.
• Han nomadic people destroyed Gupta empire in
  Central India 450 C.E.
• India culture continued to evolve.
• Buddhism declined and Hindu beliefs gained
  ground.

40
Roman Empire

• 180 C.E. showed many signs of deteriorating
  politically and economically.
• Population decline made it difficult to find army
  recruits. Hired German forces for protection.
• Lustful political leaders.
• Lost 75 of population to plague brought about by
  international trade.
• Upper class was pleasure seeking and not family
  oriented, which played a role in the decline of
  the population.
• Knowledge and artistic style began to slip.
• 476 C.E. last Roman empire displaced by Germanic
  invaders.

41
Roman Empire Continued

• Eastern part of Empire much strong and did not
  fall.
• - Vibrant, artistic, creative and active in
  trade.
• Emperor Justinian, last ruler to try and restore
  Mediterranean unity.
• West part of empire shattered, also reducing
  civilization.

42
Religion

• Christianity became widespread throughout
  Mediterranean as political strength weakened.
• Buddhism surged in Eastern Asia, during growing
  problems of classical China.
• Islam surfaced shortly after 600 C.E.
• - Became most dynamic force in world history
  during next several centuries.
• Civilizations taking new directions.
• Common traits of Christianity, Buddhism and
  Hinduism are intense devotion, piety,
  importance of spiritual concerns beyond earthly
  life and hope of after life.

43
Religion Continued

• Hinduism Reincarnation, spiritual interest in
  union with devine essence and extensive rituals
  and ceremonies.
• Buddhism Men and women have souls, individual
  meditation and ethics
• Daoism practical benefits obtained through
  magic.
• Christianity exclusive nature of truths,
  intolerance of other beliefs, gentleness of
  spirit and great charisma, single supreme being
  God, who loved human kind to spite earthly sin.
• Islam based on prophecy of Muhammid, there was
  no god but Allah, built on 5 pillars.

44
Chapter 6 Rise and Spread of Islam

• Arab warriors exploded from the desert in mid
  630s, conquered Syria and penetrated into
  Sasania Empire centered on Persia
• By 640s defeated Byzantine empire and
  consolidated control of Syria and the fertile
  crescent, they captured Egypt and controlled
  heartlands on the Nile. They also advanced on
  Alexandria
• From mid 7th century to 17th century, Islamic
  civilization provided key links and channels for
  exchange among main civilization centers in
  classical era in the eastern hemisphere
• Muslim merchants cooperation with jewish,
  Armenian, Indian, and other regional counterparts
  became links in trade between civilizations from
  the west Mediterranean to South China sea . They
  exchanged food crops, technology, and ideas
• Muslim scholars studied and preserved and
  improved learning of Greece, Persia, Egypt, and
  South Asia.

45

• Before the rise of Islam, Arabia was a desert
  wasteland who's trading cities fell on hard times
  
• The small population of the Arabian Peninsula was
  divided into rival tribes and clans that
  worshiped local gods
• Bedouion or nomadic cultured developed there.
  There was clan identity, Rivalries and cycles of
  vengeance that led to formation of alliances.
• Shaykhs leaders of tribes and clans
• Struggles led to formation of clans along
  watering places
• Mecca- located in mountainous region along red
  sea on Western coast of Arabia, founded by
  Umayyad clan of Quraysh Tribe. Site of Kaba,
  most revered religious shrines.
• Medina, northeast of Mecca, City of Muhammad

46

• Marriage and family in pre-Islamic Arabia
• Greater freedom and higher status than those who
  lived in other civilization centers (Byzantine
  and Sasania)
• Key economic roles
• Depending upon clan, men and woman both allowed
  multiple marriage partners
• Did not wear veils or were secluded like Syria
  and Persia
• Advise regarded
• Could not be warriors and were merely laborers

47

• Bedouin Religion
• Polytheism and antitheism blend
• Supreme god was Allah
• Some clans didnt take gods seriously

48

• Muhammad and genesis of Islam
• 7th century revelations of Muhammad provided the
  basis for the emergence of Islam in Arabian
  peninsula. Although it was initially an Arabian
  religion, in both beliefs and practices,
  contained appeal that eventually made it one of
  the great world religions
• Revelations written in Arabic and collected in
  Quran.
• Flight from Mecca to Medina
• Provided religion that didnt belong to just one
  tribe and wasnt limited by clan or class
  division
• Umma community of the faithful, transcended
  boundaries making political unity
• Provided Ethical system, promoted moral code
• 5 pillars
• Confession of faith
• Praying facing Mecca five times a day
• Fast during Ramadan
• Zakat, tax for charity
• Hajj, pilgrimage to Mecca

49

• Arab Empire of Umayyads
• Despite crisis after death of Muhammad in 623,
  muslim community stayed together
• Muhammad's old adversaries, Umayyad clan seized
  leadership of Muslims and began a sequence of
  conquest through middle east and northern Africa
• Caliph political and religious successor to
  Muhammad
• Ali was passed because too young
• Abu Bakr (632-634) became Caliph, early leader
  and close friend to Muhammad
• Loosely controlled military commanders which lead
  to the Ridda wars. These brought the return of
  Arabian Tribes

50
The Arab Empire of the Umayyad (Weaknesses of the
Adversary Empires)

• -By time of the Arab explosion, the emperor was
  manipulated by the aristocratic class that
  exploited Farmers which up most of the
  empire.-Zoroastrianism was the official religion
  of the emperor but lacked popular roots.-There
  was serious threat of Islamic spread throughout
  the Fertile Crescent region, but the Sasanian
  commanders set up a poor military and the Muslim
  warriors eventually broke into the Sasanian
  heartland. -In 651 the last of the Sasanian
  rulers were killed and the Muslim victory caused
  the destruction of the empire. -The Muslim
  tolerated the Christians in Syria and Egypt, they
  taxed them less heavily than the Byzantines did,
  the Christians then eventually rallied to the
  Arabs. -Syria, west Iraq, and Palestine were
  take by the Arab invaders, but by 640 a series of
  probes had been made in Egypt. Later Alexandria
  was take and most of Egypt was occupied. The Arab
  armies extended their conquests into Libya into
  the West. -The early triumphs of the Arab
  invaders greatly reduced strength in the
  Byzantine Empire.

51

• -Resentments begun to build up over how the booty
  from conquests of the Muslim armies should be
  divided up among the tribal groups making up the
  Islamic community. -Between the two groups
  (Umayyads and supporters of Ali) the main
  conflict that started it all was the murder of
  the 3rd caliph Uthman. He was the 1st caliph to
  be chosen from Muhammads early enemies (Umayyad
  clan). From the death, the Umayyads rejected
  Alis claims and made swore revenge when he
  didnt punish the assassins. -Ali was victorious
  at the Battle of Camel in late 656. -Later, Ali
  was assassinated and his son, Hasan, was
  pressured by Umayyads to renounce his claim as
  caliphate.-Sunnis and Shia split after the
  death of Ali, while the Shia wanted his son to
  stay in command, the Sunnis wanted a new
  commander. -Far to the west, the Arab armies
  started to sweep across northern Africa and
  crossed the Straits of Gibraltar to conquer Spain
  and Threaten France. -By early 700s Umayyads
  ruled an empire that extended into Spain in the
  West to steppes of central Asia in the East.
  -The political center of communication for the
  Umayyads was Damascus in Syria. Where they chose
  to live after death of Uthman.-Only Muslim Arabs
  were 1st class citizens of the empire. Making up
  the core of the army and administration. -In the
  Umayyad empire, many were starting to convert to
  Islam through intermarriage. -Dhimmi was people
  of the book which ment that they were either
  Christian or Jew. Saying the shared the belief in
  the Bible.

52

• -Muhammad teachings and dictates of Quran
  stressed moral and ethical dimensions of
  marriage. Which showed kindness for their wives
  and daughters. -Men were able to marry 4 wives
  but if he could not treat each equally he should
  only have one. Woman were only allowed one, but
  they could marry whomever they wanted. -As
  Umayyads were enjoying feast with Abu al-Abbas,
  guards covered their faces with carpet and were
  slaughtered by his troops to eliminate all
  remaining Umayyads. From Arab to Islamic Empire
  The Early Abbasid Era-Later the Abbasids started
  to build a strong centralized imperial rule.-The
  Abbasids did well with collecting revenue for its
  subject people and preserving law and order over
  much of the empire.-Converting to slam would
  exempt from paying head tax and could get
  advanced schooling, and administration
  roles.-Through growth of wealth and social
  status in merchant and landlord classes there was
  a rise of the mawali and the Abbasid era.-During
  Abbasid era, there was a growth in urban
  expansion. -Dhows were created (sailing vessels
  with lateen sails) that later influences European
  ship design. Which carried goods back and forth.

53

• -There were great profits made from trade. As
  more trade continued so did purchase of land,
  construction of great mansions, and commercial
  enterprises. - Much of the money made was gave
  to charity of helped to make luxury items.-There
  was slavery, the more fortunate could win there
  freedom with great skills or intelligence. But
  unfortunate were forced to do hard labor (salt
  mines and marshlands). -Many peasants were
  forced to give most of their crops to estate
  owners, since they were unable to own land.-With
  Greek and Arab mathematics, Indian numbers later
  proved critical to the early modern Scientific
  Revolution in western Europe.