Gerolamo Cardano

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Cardano was notoriously short of money and kept
himself solvent by being an accomplished
gambler and chess player. His book about games
of chance, Liber de ludo aleae, written in the
1560s, but not published until 1663, contains
the first systematic treatment of probability,
as well as a section on effective cheating
methods.
Gerolamo Cardano
was an Italian Renaissance mathematician,
physician, astrologer and gambler
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Through his correspondence with Blaise Pascal
in 1654, Fermat and Pascal helped lay the
fundamental
groundwork for the theory of probability. From
this brief but
productive collaboration on the problem of
points, they are
Pierre de Fermat
now regarded as joint founders of probability
theory.
France
17 August 1601 12 January 1665
Blaise Pasca
June 19, 1623 August 19, 1662
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Jacob Bernoulli
1654 - 1705
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Jacob is best known for the work
Ars Conjectandi (The Art of Conjecture),
published eight years after his death in 1713
In this work, he described the known results in
probability theory and in enumeration, often
providing alternative proofs of known results.
Jacob Bernoulli
This work also includes the application of
probability theory to games of chance and his
Basel, Switzerland
introduction of the theorem known as
the law of large numbers.
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De Moivre wrote a book on probability theory,
entitled The Doctrine of Chances. It was said
that his book was highly prized by gamblers. It
is reported in all seriousness that de Moivre
correctly predicted the day of his own death.
Abraham de Moivre
Noting that he was sleeping 15 minutes longer
France
each day, De Moivre surmised that he would die
on the day he would sleep for 24 hours. A simple
mathematical calculation quickly yielded the
date, 27 November 1754. He did indeed pass away
on that day.
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In 1812, Laplace issued his
Théorie analytique des probabilités
French
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1903 - 1987
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The normal distribution was first introduced by
Abraham de Moivre
in an article in 1733, which was reprinted in the
second edition of his
The Doctrine of Chances, 1738 in the context of
approximating certain
binomial distributions for large n. His result
was extended by Laplace
in his book Analytical Theory of Probabilities
(1812), and is now called the
theorem of de Moivre-Laplace.
Laplace used the normal distribution in the
analysis of errors of experiments.
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Its usefulness, however, became truly apparent
only in 1809, when the famous
German mathematician K.F. Gauss used it as an
integral part of his
approach to prediction the location of
astronomical entities. As a result,
it became common after this time to call it the
Gaussian distribution.
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss
30 April 1777 23 February 1855
Germany
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During the mid to late nineteenth century,
however, most statisticians started to
believe that the majority of data sets would have
histograms conforming to the
Gaussian bell-shaped form. Indeed, it came to be
accepted that it was normal
for any well-behaved data set to follow this
curve. As a result, following
the lead of the British statistician Karl
Pearson, people began referring to
the Gaussian curve to calling it simply the
normal curve.
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