Foreign language teachinglearning 2001

1
English Teaching Methodology A, 2002

• Section 2
• Session 6

2
Agenda for May 22

• Quiz 4
• Warm-up word games
• Insights from SLA
• Internal factors
• External factors

3
3 major Hypotheses

• Input Hypothesis
• Output Hypothesis
• Interaction Hypothesis

4
S.Krashens 5 hypotheses

• The Acquisition-Learning hypo.
• The Monitor hypo.
• The Natural Order hypo.
• The Input hypo.
• The Affective Filter hypo.

5
Input Hypothesis

• input?
• English that is heard or read
• ?output--English that is spoken or written
• i1
• English that contains structure with a little
  beyond his or her current level of competency
• Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) by Vygotsky
• i ?
• learners current level of competency

6
What does the Input Hypothesis mention about
language learning?

• Learners can improve English proficiency through
  comprehensive input (i1).
• A little beyond can become comprehensible
  through linguistic and non-linguistic clues and
  learners guessing.
• When the Input is i2, it is overwhelming to
  learners.

7
Affective Filter Hypothesis

• Affective emotional
• Learners can best acquire English when affective
  filter is low.
• Where anxiety is high, affective filter is also
  high, which blocks English input from entering
  into learners mind.
• When anxiety is low, affective filter is also
  low, which makes English easy enter to learners
  mind and brain.

8
Anxiety
environment
English Input
9
Impacts of Krashens hypotheses

• Tremendous impact on ESL/EFL teachers in north
  American and other areas.
• Hard to prove his hypothesis
• For example, how can we define i?
• By criticizing his hypotheses, SLA research has
  been developed and promoted.
• Probably right

10
The Output hypothesis

• Merrill Swain of U/T
• From research results of Canadian Immersion
  Program.
• Effects of output (speakingwriting)
• 1. Noticing hole or gap of their
  interlanguage
• 2. Hypothesis testing getting feedback
• 3. Meta talk metalinguistic knowledge

11
The Interaction hypothesis

• Interaction between students, or between students
  and teachers
• Ways of talking
• Motherease
• Foreigner talk
• Ways of Feedback
• Recast
• Michael Long of U of Hawaii

12
How can you assume difficulties of learning
English in an EFL context?

• Input poor situation
• Output poor situation
• In relation to affective filter hypothesis,
• High density of people
• Large class in school and university
• Nervousness
• See, Chrysanthemum and Sword (Kiku to Katana) by
  Ruth Benedict

13
Internal factors

• Model for Individual Differences