Wood Anatomy and Microscopy Future Trends

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Wood Anatomy and MicroscopyFuture Trends

• Lloyd Donaldson
• Cellwall Biotechnology Centre

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Advances in microscopy
Raman
FTIR
Electron tomography
TIRF
X-ray tomography
MRI
Polarisation microscopy
X-ray microscopy
ESEM
UV microscopy
AFM
TEM
SEM
Confocal
Light microscopy
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Cell wall
Compression wood
Compression wood
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Electron Microscopy
Compression wood
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Electron Microscopy
Compression wood
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Cellulose macrofibrils microfibrils
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Cellulose macrofibrils microfibrils
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Atoms
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Light microscopy
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Light microscopy spectral imaging
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Immunocytochemistry
Thanks to Nigel Chaffey UK for this image
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Electron microscopy
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Electron tomography
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MRI microscopy
MERELA, Maks, SEPE, Ana, OVEN, Primo, SERA,
Igor. Three-dimensional in vivo magnetic
resonance microscopyof beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)
wood. MAGMA, 2005, vol. 18, p. 171-174.
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X-ray tomography
www.skyscan.be
www.xradia.com
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Virtual trees
Combining all of wood science into one
interactive object that extends from genes to
trees
Mark Harrington
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Wood formation in a test tube
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Integrating molecular biology and anatomy
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Future trends in microscopy of wood

• Increased resolution will bridge the gap between
  ultrastructure and molecular imaging.
• Increased multidimensional imaging at the
  anatomical and ultrastructural levels replacing
  static 2D images with virtual objects and
  immersive environments.
• Imaging of physical and chemical properties as
  well as structure.
• Imaging of wood formation using live-cell systems.

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Wood identification

• Experience
• Information
• Internet

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Virtual Xylaria
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Virtual Xylaria
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Wood identification

• Plantation forestry
• Simplifies wood identification by reducing
  diversity
• Clonal forestry
• What clone is that ? Molecular barcoding
• Genetic modification
• Matching tree to utilisation !!
• Global warming
• Location of forests may change.
• Warm climate hardwoods may replace cold climate
  softwoods

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4CL
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Phenotype may vary within single stems in
transgenic trees
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Wood contains DNA
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Wood identification

• Polymorphism analysis of Fagaceae and DNA-based
  identification of Fagus species grown in Japan
  based on the rbcL gene. Ohyama et al. 1999. J.
  Wood Sci.
• Wood identification of Japanese Cyclobalanopsis
  species (Fagaceae) based on DNA polymorphism of
  the intergenic spacer between trnT and trnL 5
  exon. Ohyama et al. 2001. J. Wood Sci.
• DNA extraction from processed wood A case study
  for the identification of an endangered timber
  species (Gonystylus bancanus). Asif Cannon
  2005. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep.
• Authenticated DNA from ancient wood remains.
  Liepelt et al. 2006. Annals of Botany.

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Future trends inwood identification

• Changes in diversity due to increased plantation
  forestry will make wood identification easier due
  to a reduced number of candidate species.
• Clonal forestry introduces candidates for
  identification at a sub-species level a
  challenge for wood identification.
• Genetic engineering designer wood needs to be
  certified to justify a premium price or access to
  restrictive markets.
• DNA fingerprinting will be needed to supplement
  anatomical based ID if clonal and GM forestry are
  widely adopted.
• The internet provides a venue for vast archives
  of information and for online wood identification
  tools.

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Forests
Wood
Wood Science
New trees, products and processes