Sustainability Through Commercialization Of Alternative Fuels

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• Sustainability Through Commercialization Of
  Alternative Fuels

Assistant Commissioner and Sealer
Association Meeting October 9 - 10, 2008
Kristin Macey, Assistant DirectorDivision of
Measurement Standards
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Alternative Fuels
Goals

• Goals for alternative fuels
• Decrease dependence on foreign oil
• Decrease greenhouse gas emissions
• Create new jobs in rural America
• Bring new technology that will save money

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Alternative Fuels
CDFA Responsibilities

• Division of Measurement Standards (DMS)
  role in alternative fuel development
• Ensure Measurement Traceability
• Promote Uniform Requirements and Practices
• Ensure Consumers Get What They Pay For
• Level Playing Field in the Marketplace
• Harmonize with International Standards

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Alternative Fuels
Authority

• Authority to regulate Weights and Measuresand
  Fuel Products is found in Division 5 of the
  Business and Professions Code
• ? Type Evaluation
• ? Device Accuracy
• ? Fuel Quality
• ? Advertising and Labeling
• ? County Assistance

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Alternative Fuels
Sustainability Criteria and DMS

• Social
• Public education of the benefits Yes
• Promotion of benign technologies - No
• Environmental
• Availability of resources No
• Clean fuel production technology - No

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Alternative Fuels
Sustainability Criteria and DMS

• Economic
• Commercially viable/reliable energy - Yes
• Development of infrastructure Yes
• Monitoring and evaluation tools Yes
• Financing Yes
• Academia/Industry/Government partnership Yes
• Road map for future implementation - Yes

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Alternative Fuels
Current Alternative Fuels

• An alternative fuel used as a substitute for
  conventional fuel such as gasoline and diesel.
• ? Natural Gas
• ? Fuel Ethanol (E85)
• ? Electricity
• ? Biodiesel
• ? Hydrogen

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Natural Gas
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Natural Gas

• Primarily comprised of methane gas
• Can be liquefied (LNG) or compressed (CNG)
• Approximately 130,000 CNG vehicles in the U.S.
  mostly fleet vehicles
• Over 200 fueling sites in California
• At this time, no action planned by the Department
  to establish fuel quality standards

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Fuel Ethanol
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Fuel Ethanol

• E85 is a mixture of up to 85 denatured ethanol
  and gasoline or other hydrocarbonby volume
• Pros and Cons
• 6.8 million flexible fuel vehicles (FFV) are
  designed to run on blends up to 85 ethanol in
  U.S. today
• 69 MGY ethanol produced at 4 plants in CA

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Fuel Ethanol

• 10 locations in California 4 public access
• Most ethanol used today in California is
  blended in concentrations under 10
• E-85 Dispensers are type approved,
  dispensers tested
• Future ethanol production projects
  sugar cane, various waste and residual
  feed stocks

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Fuel Ethanol

• State Laboratory Testing? No.
• The Department has not purchased the equipment
  needed to test this productdue to low use in the
  state.
• Complaint samples are tested by an independent
  laboratory.

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Electricity
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Battery Electric

• Vehicles run on electricity stored in batteries
  their only source of energy.
• Batteries are recharged at home or at a public
  charging stations.
• There is no meter currently approved for a
  commercial charging station.

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Battery Electric

• Electric vehicles are not Hybrids hybrids are
  propelled by two or more sources of energy
• Example NEV vs GM Chevy Volt
• The electricity can be produced from a number of
  alternative fuel sources
• The Department does not regulate electricity

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Biodiesel
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Biodiesel

• Is an alternative to conventional diesel fuel
• Most popular alternative fuel in CA today
• Benefits of use
• ? Manufactured from renewable vegetable oils or
  animal fats.
• ? Reduces hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and
  particulate emissions in the environment
• ? Conventional diesel engines do not need
  conversion
• ? Can be blended with conventional diesel

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Biodiesel

• The National Biodiesel Board estimates 450 MGY
  produced in 2007 by 176 plants in the U.S.
• 8 plants in California in 2008
• 35 MGY production capability
• Over 50 fueling locations

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Biodiesel

• Business and Professions Code Requirements
• ? Diesel fuel (ASTM D975)
• ? Biodiesel blend stock (ASTM D6751)
• ? Developmental Engine Fuel Variances
• ? Type Evaluation on Dispensers

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Biodiesel
Developmental Engine Fuel Variance

• ? Pure biodiesel and high concentration blends
  usually cannot meet ASTM standards
• ? Over fifty variances granted for biodiesel
• ? Fuel can only be sold to fleet type vehicles
• ? Records and Reporting requirements

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Biodiesel
Dispensers

• Variance is for fuel quality only
• Separate type evaluation required on
  dispensersbeing used for fuels above B20 blends
• Most in marketplace today have not been
  approvedfor commercial use withthe fuel type
• Why approval seals?

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Biodiesel
Whats Next? Fuel Quality
? ASTM D975-08a allows up to 5 biodiesel -
Can label it DIESEL ? ASTM D7467-08 standard for
6 20 biodiesel blends ? Rulemaking to
include new standards ? Variances continue for
B20 - B100
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Biodiesel
New Federal Biodiesel Labeling

• FTC published labeling requirements for biodiesel
  effective December 2008
• Rulemaking also required

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Hydrogen - In The News

• Schwarzenegger Proposes 'Hydrogen Highways'
  Plan KCRA 3 News
• Fuel Of Future' Available In Los Angeles-
  Hydrogen Station Opens For Cars In Calif. FOX 12
  News

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Hydrogen - Government Mandates

• 2004 Governor signs Executive Order for
  Hydrogen Highway

• 2006 Senate Bill 76 requires CDFA to establish
  standards for hydrogen fuelquality
• 2008 CDFA Fuel standards become effective

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Hydrogen Fuel

• An alternative fuel which can be part of solution
  to energy problems facing California and U.S.
• Pros of Hydrogen
• Everywhere! Light! Near Zero Emissions!
  Governor loves it!
• Cons of Hydrogen
• Cost
• Infrastructure

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Hydrogen Fuel

• Abundant Sources
• Natural gas
• Renewable Electrolysis
• Gasification
• Renewable Liquid Reforming
• Nuclear High-Temperature Electrolysis
• High Temperature Thermochemical Water-Splitting
• Photobiological (e.g., byproduct of microbes such
  as algae)

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Hydrogen Fuel

• Most major auto manufacturers have developed
  prototype fuel cell (gaseous hydrogen) vehicles
  for US market

• Daimler
• Ford
• General Motors
• Honda
• Hyundai
• Nissan
• Toyota
• Volkswagen

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Hydrogen Fuel

• BMW has introduced a car that runs on liquid
  hydrogen or gasoline. Spark ignition engine
  burns hydrogen directly.

BMW Hydrogen 7
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Hydrogen Fuel
How Does It Work?

• Fuel cells generate electricity by means of a
  chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen
• Electricity is used to power an electric motor to
  propel the vehicle.

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Hydrogen Fuel

• Current Work on Hydrogen
• Develop Code for specifications and tolerances
• Develop Type Evaluation Criteria for Hydrogen
  Measuring Devices
• Develop Examination Procedure Outline for
  Hydrogen Measuring Devices
• Develop and Implement Training for WM Officials
  and Service Companies

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Major Stakeholders

• California Fuel Cell Partnership
• California Energy Commission
• California Air Resources Board
• US Dept of Commerce (NIST)
• US Dept of Energy
• US Dept of Transportation
• US Environmental Protection Agency
• Trade Associations (WSPA, CIOMA)

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Major Stakeholders

• American Society for Testing and Materials
  (ASTM)
• International Standards Organization (ISO)
• Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
• American Petroleum Institute (API)
• Meter, Dispenser Manufacturers
• Auto Manufacturers
• Fuel Suppliers
• County WM

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Future Alternative Fuels Program

• Remember the Sustainability Requirements
• Alternative Fuels places a burden on existing
  resources
• Unfair to industry members who pay for oversight
  of conventional fuels
• Legislative Concept and Proposal for 2009
• County Support and Assistance

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• Sustainability Through Commercialization Of
  Alternative Fuels

Questions? Kristin Macey, Division of Measurement
Standards [phone]