APINA NETWORK EXPERIENCE IN URBAN AIR QUALITY IN AFRICA

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• APINA NETWORK EXPERIENCE IN URBAN AIR QUALITY IN
  AFRICA
• Dieter Schwela
• Stockholm Environment Institute at York
  University, York UK
• 28 October, 2004, Brussels, Belgium

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• Challenges in Africa
• What is Apina?
• Recent Progress
• Better Air Quality - Africa
• Moving forward

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Sources in Egypt

• Small enterprises
• Waste burning
• Smelters
• Cement
• Brick factories
• Petrochemical
• Sugar
• Textile

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Waste deposit Lagos
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Can you see the computer reading?
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CAPE TOWN BROWN HAZE
April to September
Low level inversions
40 to 50 days per year
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Monthly PM10 concentrations averages recorded at
the Marang air pollution monitoring station in
Gaborone, Botswana, in 2002.
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Lead levels in Nairobi

• Source UNEP Jomo Kenyata University of
  Agriculture and Technology in 2003

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Lead Levels in Soils (µg/kg)
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Lead levels in Maize (µg/kg)
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Lead levels in water (µg/L)
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Lead level in milk (µg/L)
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• APINA is a
• network of scientists, policy makers and private
  sector and non-governmental organisations from
  Africa, co-ordinated by the School of Mines,
  University of Zambia, through the Institute for
  Environmental Studies (IES), Zimbabwe.
• part of the 2001-2004 phase of the Sida-funded
  Programme on Regional Air Pollution in Developing
  Countries (RAPIDC), coordinated by Stockholm
  Environment Institute (SEI).

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• APINAs aim is to
• transfer relevant air pollution information to
  policy makers for informed decision making
• participate as a stakeholder, information source,
  capacity builder and technical adviser in air
  pollution issues in Africa
• act as a source of knowledge and data derived in
  the scientific programmes and existing research
  to advise policy and decision-makers in matters
  related to air pollution

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• APINAs role is to
• form a strong link between the air pollution
  scientific community and policy makers at
  national and regional levels.
• act as a forum that links different networks and
  programmes on air pollution in Africa. Currently
  the programme is concentrated in the Southern
  African Development Community (SADC).

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• RECENT PROGRESS

Policy Dialogue 1998 Outcome Harare
Resolution on Prevention and Control of Regional
Air Pollution in Southern Africa and its Likely
Transboundary Effects. Seven countries in
Southern Africa (Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique,
South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe) have
collated information on air pollution issues and
participated in air pollution related projects
and events in the region.
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• Air Pollution Impact Assessments
• Crops and natural ecosystems
• APINA studies have demonstrated that air
  pollution concentrations in southern Africa
  exceed thresholds at which plant damage can
  occur. There is however lack of evidence to
  indicate the seriousness of this problem in the
  region.
• Corrosion
• APINA is currently conducting experiments in
  Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa that will
  contribute to the understanding of the
  socio-economic costs of corrosion impacts in
  Southern Africa.

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• Air Pollution Impact Assessments
• Health Scoping Study
• Evaluate existing information on air pollution
  and associated health impacts, and determine the
  resource base in relation to the assessment of
  health impacts in the Southern Africa region.
• Kitwe Health Study
• Measurement campaigns showed most of the
  residential areas in the town (5 km from plant
  area) had SO2 levels above 100 µg/m3 in excess
  of the WHO annual guideline for SO2 (50 µg/m3).

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• Emissions Inventories
• A task team to carry out this work has been
  formed from the seven participating
  countries. A team member trained at Stockholm
  Environment Institute at York, UK, to prepare
  for this exercise
• Policy Process
• MOU signed with SADC IN APRIL, 2001
• APINA expected to contribute to SADC protocol on
  environment on issues of Air Pollution -
  RECOGNISED
• Regional Policy Dialogue
• APINA organized a Regional Policy Dialogue (RPD)
  in Maputo, Mozambique, during 22nd to 24th
  September 2003.

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Better Air Quality Africa Workshop BAQ
Africa21-23 April, 2004Johannesburg, South
Africa
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Objective

• To review and discuss the current state of air
  quality management (AQM) , prevention and control
  techniques in Africa
• Identify mechanisms on how stakeholders in Africa
  can improve and strengthen co-operation in the
  formulation and implementation of AQM.
• Discuss how stakeholders in Africa can benefit
  from worldwide experiences in AQM

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Participants 42 from Botswana, Egypt, Morocco,
Mozambique, Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania, South
Africa, Sudan, tunisia, Zamba, Zimbabwe
National and local government
authorities academia consultants NGOs AfDB
WHO-AFRO UNEP-ROA
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Challenges for Better Air Quality in Africa

• The Workshop has clearly shown the threat posed
  by poor air quality to human health and
  environment in Africa and the diverse attempts
  taken by African cities to develop AQM systems
• It has also highlighted existing initiatives on
  air quality in the region, e.g.
• Partnership for Clean Fuel and Vehicle (PCFV)
• Clean Air Initiative-Sub-Saharan Africa (CAI-SSA)
• New Partnership for Africa Development Cities
  (NEPAD Cities)
• AFRICACLEAN

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Key Challenges identified

• Collation, dissemination and exchange of
  information on AQM
• Capacity in AQM
• Training opportunities in AQM
• Institutional strengthening for AQM
• Recommendations to overcome these challenges were
  identified
• Strategic and co-ordinated approach to addressing
  AQM
• Strengthen the AQM community
• Development of a pan-African collaborative
  network on AQM
• APINA Planning Meeting, Dar-es-Salaam, 25-26
  October 2004

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Better Air Quality Africa 2005 Workshop

• Collaborative framework Forum for regional AQM
  networks and stakeholders to come together to
  discuss AQM issues
• Annual BAQ Africa Workshop
• Aim Promote synergy and complementarities
  between the various AQM initiatives and
  international agencies
• Existing AQM initiatives may join forces to host
  planned workshops as side-events and
  sub-workshops at BAQ-Africa
• Increase of number of funded participants
• Facilitation by an intergovernmental organisation
• APINA proposal PCFV and CAI-SSA as facilitators
• Based on discussions of APINA with UNEP-ROA and
  WHO-AFRO it is proposed that UNEP host the BAQ -
  Africa 2005 Workshop in Nairobi. WHO-AFRO is
  willing to hold one of its planned workshops on
  rapid environmental health assessment and health
  costs as a side event
• To gain agreement on the organisation of BAQ
  Africa 2005, APINA proposes that UNEP and CAI-SSA
  convene a regional AQM co-ordinating meeting to
  invite key initiatives and agencies to support
  the Workshop

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Contribution of APINA (Phase III 2004-2007)

• Undertake benchmarking of AQM in 10 African
  cities by collating existing available
  information
• Undertaking training and capacity enhancement in
  APINA member countries, in collaboration with
  other initiatives
• Promoting a strategic approach to AQM by a
  Regional dialogue on AQM
• Contribution to future BAQ Africa Workshops

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Moving forward
Economic development and industrialisation
Opportunities to avoid human and environmental
costs resulting from air pollution Learning from
other countries Appropriate preventive action at
an early stage of economic development to avoid
severe air pollution impacts and achieve better
air quality Combine efforts of regional
initiatives and inter-governmental
organisations Creating regional dialogue on
AQM PCFV and CAI-SSA as most appropriate to
facilitate APINA to contribute to achieving a
more stratgic approach to AQM