Chapter 5

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Chapter 5 Secondary growth
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Woody plants

• 20 of all dicot species (oaks, maples)
• 5 of all monocot species
• All gymnosperms (pines, firs, redwoods)

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Secondary growth lateral meristems
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Vascular cambium produces secondary vascular
tissue in woody stems and roots
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Woody roots
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Vascular cambium
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Woody plants secondary growth
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Vascular cambium
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Secondary growth of dicot stems
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Secondary xylem tree rings
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Softwoods vs. hardwoods

• Softwoods no vessels, few fibers
• Pine, spruce
• Hardwoods many vessels, fibers
• Oak, maple

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Ring-porous wood vs. diffuse porous wood

• Used in taxonomic identity of woody species

Ash
Beech
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Xylem Rays
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Ray cells conduct laterally
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Woody stem, l.s.
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heartwood
sapwood
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Heartwood xylem vessels blocked by tyloses
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Secondary phloem
fibers
phloem
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Outer bark (periderm)
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Periderm (outer bark)
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Periderm
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Lenticels
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Which of the following statements is true?

• The vascular cambium produces secondary xylem and
  the cork cambium produces secondary phloem
• The vascular cambium produces primary vascular
  tissue and the cork cambium produces secondary
  vascular tissue
• The vascular cambium produces secondary xylem
  toward the outside and secondary phloem toward
  the inside
• The vascular cambium produces secondary xylem and
  phloem and the cork cambium produces the periderm
• Both 3 and 4 are true

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Non-functional secondary xylem is called

• Heartwood
• Springwood
• Sapwood
• Deadwood
• Summerwood

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A tylose is associated with

• Vascular cambium
• Cork cambium
• Heartwood
• Periderm
• Summerwood

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Sapwood is most likely to be located

• Just inside the cork cambium
• In the xylem ring closest to the center of the
  stem
• In the xylem ring closest to the vascular
  cambium
• Just outside the cork cambium

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Humans and secondary plant growth
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Wood products

• Christmas trees NC

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Bamboo products
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Bark products
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Quercus suber
link
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Cinnamon

• Bark of Cinnamomum verum
• Spice used in cooking
• Herbal remedy
• Appetite loss
• Bronchitis
• Colds (Cough, fever, sore throat)
• Indigestion
• Tendency to infection
• Diarrhea
• Hemorrhage
• Ingredient in toothpaste, mouthwash, perfume,
  soap, lipstick, chewing gum, and cola drinks
• Insecticide

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Salix alba (White willow) - salicin
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Cinchona species Quinine

• Actions Analgesic, Anesthetic, Antiarrhythmic,
  Antibacterial, Antimalarial, Anti-microbial,
  Anti-parasitic, Antipyretic, Antiviral,
  Antiseptic, Astringent, Bactericide, Fungicide,
  Febrifuge, Insecticide, Nervine, Stomachic, Tonic

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Taxus brevifolia (Pacific Yew) - Taxol

• 1991 - 60,000 lbs. of the dried bark yields about
  9lbs. of taxol drug (12,000 trees)

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Woody plants as art
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Dendrochronology
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Dendrochronology

• Used to calibrate C14 dating
• 8000 year tree ring calendar

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Woody plant pests

• Southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis)

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SPB damage

• 1973-77 outbreak
• 4.5M board feet lost
• Avg. annual loss
• 100M board feet
• 20M cu. Ft. growing stock

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SPB infestations
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Woody plant research

• NCSU-forest biotechnology group

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Bristlecone pines

• Oldest organism 4767 yrs. old

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Thats a big stem!
Redwoods grow up to 350 ft tall 30 ft. dia.
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Thats a big stem!

• Sequoiadendron giganteum
• Grizzly Giant (1790-2700 years old)
• Up to 350ft tall 30ft in diameter

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Thats a big stem!

• Baobab (Adonsonia digitata) grow up to 45 ft. in
  diameter

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Thats a big stem!

• Black River Swamp (Pender and Bladen
  Counties)The Black River, a blackwater tributary
  to the Cape Fear River, provides wonderful
  opportunities to explore old-growth forests on a
  half-day canoe trip. Surrounded by classic
  blackwater river swamp, the Black River is home
  to the oldest living trees east of the Rocky
  Mountains according to research conducted by
  dendrochronologists from the University of
  Arkansas. Individual trees with swollen
  buttresses, often exceeding 15 feet in diameter,
  may be 1,700-2,000 years old.