PREPARED BY D.L. BULL

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SPANISH AMERICAN WAR

• PREPARED BY D.L. BULL

WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES AND CARIBBEAN
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Who what when where?
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Who what when where?

• April 25, 1898 United States declared war on
  Spain
• War ended with the signing of the Treaty of
  Paris, December 10, 1898
• Why was the United states at war with Spain?
• We must look to 1492...

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Columbus connection

• Spain was the first European nation to sail west
  across the Atlantic.
• An empire resulted from this exploration in the
  New World.
• By 1825 much of the empire had been lost .

• The Spanish empire in the Western Hemisphere left
  was
• Cuba
• Puerto Rico
• Philippine Islands
• islands in Micronesia including Guam

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DETAILED BACKGROUND

• UNITED STATES EXPANSIONISM-A COUNTRYS
  PROSPERITY DEPENDS ON EXPANDING ITS BORDERS
• SINCE PRESIDENT JEFFERSON 1808 THE UNITED STATES
  THOUGHT IT SHOULD OWN CUBA
• U.S. ALSO WANTED SOME OF SPAINS EMPIRE FOR
  TRADE OVERSEAS AND NATURAL RESOURCES

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CUBA'S PROBLEMS

• CUBA WAS UNHAPPY WITH SPANISH RULE AND WANTED
  INDEPENDENCE
• FEB. ,1895 REBELLION LED BY JOSE MARTI
• GEN. VALERIANO WEYLER - SPANISH GOVERNOR

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WHAT WEYLER DID IN CUBA?

• HE HAD BEEN FRUSTRATED BY THE GUERILLA FIGHTING
  OF THE CUBAN REBELS-HIT AND RUN TACTICS
• HE DECIDED TO PLACE ALL REBELS CAPTURED IN
  RECONCENTRATION CAMPS-300,000 PLACED
• THERE WERE NOT ENOUGH SUPPLIES AND THOUSANDS DIED
  OF DISEASE, STARVATION, AND OVERCROWDING

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YELLOW JOURNALISM

• LATE 1800S MOST NEWSPAPERS WERE NOT AS ACCURATE
  AS THEY ARE TODAY
• TWO SENSATIONALISTIC PAPERS WERE COMPETING TO SEE
  WHO COULD SELL MORE NEWSPAPERS
• NEW YORK JOURNAL-WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST
• NEW YORK WORLD-JOSEPH PULTIZER

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HEARST V PULITZER

• THEY WANTED TO SELL NEWSPAPERS
• INCREASE CIRCULATION
• DECIDED TO DRUM UP SUPPORT FOR THE CUBAN REBELS
• CUBAN PATRIOTS OPERATING FROM AMERICA

• HEARST SAID THE NEWSPAPERS CONTROL THE NATION
  BECAUSE THEY REPRESENT THE PEOPLE
• BOTH STARTED TAINTING THE REPORTS COMING OUT OF
  CUBA TRYING TO SHOCK

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WHAT REALLY HAPPENED?

• 1897-PRESIDENT MCKINLEY BEGAN TO PRESSURE SPAIN
  TO LOOSEN CONTROL ON THE CUBANS
• CUBA DEMANDED FULL INDEPENDENCE
• JANUARY 1898, MCKINLEY ORDERED THE BATTLESHIP
  MAINE TO ANCHOR IN HAVANA HARBOR TO KEEP CONTROL
  OF THE SITUATION

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EXPLOSION

• JAN. ,1898 UNITED STATES BATTLESHIP MAINE IN
  HAVANA, CUBA HARBOR AS A SYMBOL OF OUR STRENGTH
  AND SUPPORT OF CUBA
• FEB. 15, 1898 THE MAINE EXPLODES AND SINKS
  KILLING 262 AMERICAN CREW MEMBERS
• REMEMBER THE MAINE JOURNAL
  TO H-LL WITH SPAIN SLOGAN

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WHO OR WHAT BLEW UP THE MAINE?

• SPAIN?- MOST AMERICANS THOUGHT SO
• CUBAN REBELS?-MAYBE TO MAKE THE U.S. JOIN THE
  FIGHT
• AMERICANS?- MAYBE BUT IT WAS TREASON

• ANOTHER COUNTRY?- TO TRY TO BRING U.S. INTO WAR
• ACCIDENTAL EXPLOSION?- GOOD CHANCE FROM A
  FLOATING MINE OR GUNPOWDER INSIDE THE SHIP

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UNITED STATES RESPONSE

• MARCH, 1898 CONGRESS PASSED A LAW ALLOCATING
  FIFTY MILLION DOLLARS TO BUILD UP THE MILITARY
• THE VOLUNTEER ARMY CAME TOGETHER IN FLORIDA
  INCLUDING FOUR UNITS OF AFRICAN- AMERICAN
  SOLDIERS
• THE NAVY WAS READY BUT ARMY WAS NOT.

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THE ARMY WOEFULLY UNPREPARED

• THOUSANDS OF VOLUNTEERS RUSHED TO JOIN-ALL KINDS
  OF PEOPLE FROM SOCIALITES TO OUTLAWS
• LACKED GUNS, TENTS, AND BLANKETS
• NEEDED TRAINING

• GIVEN HEAVY WOOLEN UNIFORMS TO FIGHT IN THE WARM
  TROPICS
• THE FOOD WAS LEFTOVER CANNED RATIONS FROM THE
  CIVIL WAR-ROTTEN DISGUSTING
• NO PROPER SANITARY AREAS

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AMAZING NUMBERS

• TOTAL IN THE WAR 5,462 AMERICANS LOST THEIR LIVES
• ONLY 379 DIED IN COMBAT
• THE REST FROM UNSANITARY CONDITIONS WHICH CAUSED
  PLAGUE AND YELLOW FEVER

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THEODORE ROOSEVELT

• WILL BECOME PRESIDENT BECAUSE HE BECOMES HERO
• ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE NAVY
• SENT FLEET SOUTH
• QUIT AND FORMED CAVALRY UNIT

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THE WAR

• WHOLE THING LASTED 110 -113 DAYS
• MAY- THE FLEET ROOSEVELT SENT SOUTH ATTACKED THE
  PHILLIPINE ISLANDS- SPANISH
• BATTLE OF MANILA BAY-COMMODORE DEWEY-SURPRISE

• DESTROYED TEN SPANISH SHIPS WITHOUT LOSING ONE
  U.S. SAILOR
• CRUSHED THE SPANISH NAVY IN THE PACIFIC
• EMILIO AGUINALDO-REBEL DROPPED OFF TO FIGHT
  SPANISH

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HAWAII AND GUAM

• THE SENATE VOTED TO ANNEX - OR TAKE OVER -HAWAII
• REASON- U.S. NEEDED THE ISLANDS AS A HALFWAY STOP
  TO THE PHILIPPINES
• GUAM- THE SPANISH GOVERNOR SURRENDED BEFORE HE
  KNEW SPAIN WAS AT WAR

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THE WAR IN CUBA

• AMERICAN TROOPS LANDED ON CUBAS COAST JUNE 22,
  1898
• VOLUNTEERS NICKNAMED ROUGH RIDERS
• GOOD NAME EXCEPT THE HORSES DIDNT SHOW-WALKERS

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WAR IN CUBA

• ROOSEVELT- SECOND IN COMMAND OF THE ROUGH RIDERS
• AFRICAN AMERICAN 9 TH AND 10 TH CAVALRIES CALLED
  THE SMOKED YANKEES BY THE SPANISH

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The Rough Riders
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BATTLES IN CUBA

• SAN JUAN HEIGHTS
• JULY 1, 1898
• ROUGH RIDERS LED BY T.R. CHARGE UP KETTLE HILL
• SPANISH ARMY RACED DOWN THE OTHER SIDE IN RETREAT

• GEN. JACOB KENT LED THE CHARGE UP SAN JUAN HILL
  AND PUSHED THE SPANISH FARTHER INLAND
• SPANISH NAVY TRIED TO ESCAPE- JULY 3- ALL SHIPS
  SUNK OR RUN AGROUND

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PEACE SETTLEMENT

• CUBA SURRENDERED JULY 17, 1898
• PUERTO RICO -AUGUST 12,1898
• PHILIPPINES- COMMODORE DEWEY STILL FIGHTING
  AGAINST THE SPANISH WITH THE HELP OF THE
  FILIPINO REBELS
• AUGUST 13, 1898 U.S. TAKES OVER CAPITAL-MANILA-
  DEAL WITH SPAIN

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PEACE SETTLEMENT

• PEACE TREATY SIGNED DECEMBER 10, 1898-TREATY OF
  PARIS
• SPAIN GAVE UP CUBA
• U.S. TOOK CONTROL OF PUERTO RICO, GUAM AND THE
  PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
• PAID 20 MILLION FOR PHILIPPINES
• SPAIN ENDED ITS 400 YEAR OLD EMPIRE-SINCE COLUMBUS

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A SPLENDID LITTLE WAR

• UNITED STATED BECAME A NEW WORLD POWER
• PROUD VICTORY
• T.R. BECAME A WAR HERO -PRESIDENT
• WAR COST 250 MILLION
• 5,462 DIED- 90 OR MORE DISEASE

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PHILIPPINE PROBLEM

• U.S. SENATE UNSURE WHAT TO DO WITH IT
• SHOULD THE PHILIPPINE PEOPLE HAVE THEIR
  INDEPENDENCE
• REBELS AGAIN LED BY AGUINALDO STARTED FIGHTING
  AGAINST U.S.

• U.S. SET UP A CIVIL GOVERNMENT HEADED BY A
  GOVERNOR-WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT
• THREE YEAR STRUGGLE-BRUTAL USING TORTURE AND
  MASSACRE UNTIL 1902

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FINAL SOLUTION

• 1902 PHILIPPINES-UNICORPORATED NOT CITIZENS-TO BE
  INDEPENDENT LATER-JULY 4, 194644 YEARS
• 1917-PUERTO RICO GIVEN CITIZENSHIP AND BECAME A
  COMMONWEALTH OF THE U.S.- MUST OBEY OUR LAWS BUT
  IS NOT A STATE

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FINAL SOLUTION II

• CUBA-CONGRESS HAD PASSED THE TELLER AMENDMENT
  DECLARING THAT THE U.S. WOULD NOT ANNEX OR TAKE
  OVER CUBA
• SET UP A MILITARY GOVERNMENT TO HELP RECOVER FROM
  THE WAR
• GAVE FOOD, BUILT ROADS AND SCHOOLS, IMPROVED
  SANITATION, HELPED CURE YELLOW FEVER

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The Platt Amendment

• 1901 CUBANS ADOPTED A CONSTITUTION AND DECLARED
  THEY WERE READY FOR SELF RULE
• TO PROTECT CUBA FROM BEING TAKEN OVER BY ANOTHER
  COUNTRY CONGRESS ADDED THE PLATT AMENDEMENT
  MAKING CUBA A PROTECTORATE- U.S. HAD TO INTERVENE
  FOUR TIMES UNTIL 1934
• Guantonamo Bay U. S. Naval Base still in use
  today.

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ASSIGNMENT

• LOOK BACK THROUGH PP.679-685
• REREAD PP.672-673 ABOUT T.R.
• CHECK OUT THE MAP P.683 UNITED STATES OVERSEAS
  POSSESSIONS 1858-1900