MILITARY ORGANIZATION

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MILITARY ORGANIZATION
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• The armed forces of a state are its
  government-sponsored defense and fighting forces
  and organizations used to further the objectives
  of the state.

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• They exist to further the foreign and domestic
  policies of their governing body.
• In some countries paramilitary forces are
  included in a nation's armed forces.

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• In democracies and most other government types,
  the armed forces are typically linked to the
  government through a civilian government
  department.

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• These may be known as a Department of Defense,
  Department of War, or Ministry of Defence.

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Services

• The military is divided into several services
  (also called branches).
• The three most common are armies, navies, and
  air forces.
• Some nations also organize their marines and
  their special forces as independent services.

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• A nation's coast guard may also be an
  independent branch of its military (though in
  many nations the coast guard is actually more of
  a law enforcement or civil agency).

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• The French military structure, which is copied in
  other nations, includes the three traditional
  services and a fourth service which is the
  Gendarmerie.

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• The former Soviet Union organized the Strategic
  Rocket Forces as a separate branch (Raketnye
  Vojska Strategicheskogo Naznachneiya) and the
  Russian government has continued that
  organization.

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• It is worthwhile to make mention of the term
  joint.
• In western militaries, a joint force is defined
  as a unit or formation comprising representation
  of combat power from two or more branches of the
  military.

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Units, formations,and commands

• It is common, at least in US and Commonwealth
  militaries, to refer to the building blocks of a
  military as units and formations.

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• A typical unit is a homogeneous military
  organization, either combat, combat support or
  non-combat in capability, that includes service
  personnel predominantly from a single Arm of
  Service, or a Branch of Service, and its
  administrative and command functions are
  integrated (self-contained).
• Anything smaller than a unit is considered a
  "sub-unit" or "minor unit".

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• A formation is a composite military organization
  that includes a mixture of integrated and
  operationally attached sub-units, and is usually
  combat-capable.
• Formations include brigades, divisions, wings,
  etc.

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• Different armed forces, and even different
  branches of service of the armed forces may use
  the same name to denote different types of
  organizations.

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• An example is the "squadron".
• In most navies a squadron is a formation of
  several ships in most air forces it is a unit
  in the U.S. Army it is a battalion-sized cavalry
  unit and in Commonwealth armies a squadron is a
  company-sized sub-unit.

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• In a military context, a command is a collection
  of units and formations under the control of a
  single officer.

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• Although during the Second World War a Command
  was also a name given to a battle group in the US
  Army, in general it is an administrative and
  executive strategic headquarters which is
  responsible to the national government or the
  national military headquarters.

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• It is not uncommon for a nation's services to
  each consist of their own command (such as Land
  Force Command, Air Command, and Maritime Command
  in the Canadian Forces), but this does not
  preclude the existence of commands which are not
  service-based.

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Hierarchy of Modern Armies

• This gives an overview of some of the terms used
  to describe army hierarchy in armed forces across
  the world.

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• While it is recognized that there are differences
  between armies of different nations, many are
  modeled on the British or American models, or
  both.

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• However, many military units and formations go
  back in history for a long time, and were devised
  by various military thinkers throughout European
  history.

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• For example, Corps were first introduced in
  France in the 18th Century, but have become
  integrated into the organization of most armies
  around the world.

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• APP-6A, Military Symbols for Land Based Systems
  is the NATO standard for military map marking
  symbols.
• The following tables define the Symbol, Unit
  Name, number of personnel, number of subordinate
  units and the unit leader.

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Hierarchy of modern navies

• Naval organization at the flotilla level and
  higher is less-commonly abided by, as ships
  operate in smaller or larger groups in various
  situations that may change at a moment's notice.

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• However there is some common terminology used
  throughout navies to communicate the general
  concept of how many vessels might be in a unit.

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• Navies are generally organized into groups for a
  specific purpose, usually strategic, and these
  organizational groupings appear and disappear
  frequently based on the conditions and demands
  placed upon a navy.

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• This contrasts with army organization where units
  remain static, with the same men and equipment,
  over long periods of time.

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• Auxiliary ships are usually commanded by officers
  below the rank of captain.
• These vessels include corvettes, gunboats,
  minesweepers, patrol boats, military riverine
  craft, tenders and torpedo boats.

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• Some destroyers, particularly smaller destroyers
  such as frigates (formerly known as destroyer
  escorts) are commanded by officers below the rank
  of captain as well.
• Usually, the smaller the vessel, the lower the
  rank of the ship's commander.

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• For example, patrol boats are often commanded by
  ensigns, while frigates are rarely commanded by
  an officer below the rank of commander.

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• Historical navies were far more rigid in
  structure.
• Ships were collected in divisions, which in turn
  were collected in numbered squadrons, which
  comprised a numbered fleet.
• Permission for a vessel to leave one unit and
  join another would have to be approved on paper.

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Hierarchy of air forces

• The organizational structures of air forces vary
  between nations some air forces (such as the
  United States Air Force and the Royal Air Force)
  are divided into commands, groups and squadrons
  others (such as the Soviet Air Force) have an
  Army-style organizational structure.

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Rank

• Military rank is a system of hierarchical
  relationships in armed forces or civil
  institutions organized along military lines.
• Usually, uniforms denote the bearer's rank by
  particular insignia affixed to the uniforms.

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• Ranking systems have been known for most of
  military history to be advantageous for military
  operations, in particular with regards to
  logistics, command, and coordination as time
  continued and military operations became larger
  and more complex, military ranks increased and
  ranking systems themselves became more complex.

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