The Group work platform

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The Group work platform

• hkz

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Social learning theories

• Operant conditioning (behavioural)
• Punishment and reward
• Social learning theory
• the Bobo doll experiment
• Modeling effect
• Social conformity electric shock experiment

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Social comparison

• Social comparison, Mirror effect
• Upward /downward
• Opinion/abilities
• Adverse

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BF Skinner

• The Skinner Box
• Operant Conditioning
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vAepqpTtKbwofeature
  related

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Albert Bandura

• Bobo doll experiment
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vpDtBz_1dkukfeature
  related

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Social learning theory

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vbyhLPxT_FJQfeature
  related

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modelling

• Children see children do
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vX_s9pG5CWXMfeature
  related

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Social conformity

• Aschs experiment
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vDKivdMAgdeAfeature
  related
• Repeated studies
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v-qlJqR4GmKwfeature
  related
• Part 1 social conformity
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vWFxw1jYDGjUfeature
  related
• Part 2 social conformity
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vBwCNdyRxb0Efeature
  related

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Conformity and aggression

• Stanley Milgrams test of obedience
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vjcXb1aQruwIfeature
  related
• Replication of Milgrams test
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vDiftMIkcp18feature
  related
• Ordinary people become aggressor
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vbv_ky5cBVNgfeature
  related

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• Stanford Prison Experiment
• Part 1 http//www.youtube.com/watch?v2o0Nx31yicY
  featurerelated
• Part 2
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vJCsgwcIil7Ifeature
  related
• Part 3
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vdU6r4mNZ8g0feature
  related

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Benefits of a group

• Learning of values and practices Cultural
  absorption
• Sense of Security
• Roles learning and development of leadership

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More benefits

• Development of Identity through social comparison
• Sharing of resources
• Mutual emotional support to endure hardship
• Sense of achievement

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Social roles theory

• Roles in a group
• Bales Interactions Analysis
• Social and Emotional Leaders Vs Task Leaders
• Differentiation of Roles in a group
• Shared leadership

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The 9 Belbin Team Roles are
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Structuring a group

• http//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0767
  42686x/35992/key2686x_ch03.pdf

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Benne Sheats(1948) Functional roles theory

• 3 types of roles
• Task roles
• Group maintenance roles
• Individual roles

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Task roles

• are those that function to move the group forward
  with its task or goal.

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Group maintenance roles

• help define the members relationships and
• develop the groups climate. Whereas task and
  group maintenance roles help the
• group become more productive and cohesive,

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individual roles

• typically counterproductive for the group,
  diverting attention from the group and its goal.

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Task Roles

• Information giver
• Information seeker
• Opinion giver
• Opinion seeker
• Procedural technician
• Recorder

• Coordinator
• Elaborator
• Energizer
• Evaluator/critic
• Initiator/contributor
• Orienter/clarifier

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Coordinator Elaborator

• Pulls together related ideas or suggestions
  clarifies the relationships between various ideas
  or suggestions tries to coordinate the
  activities of various members or subgroups
• Expands on suggestions offers a rationale for
  suggestions previously made tries to figure out
  how an idea or suggestion will work if adopted by
  the group

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Energizer Evaluator/critic

• Tries to prod the group into action or to a
  decision attempts to stimulate or arouse the
  group to greater or higher-quality activity
• Gives a critical analysis of a suggestion or
  idea evaluates or questions the practicality,
  logic, or facts of a suggestion holds the group
  to a standard of accomplishment

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Information giver Information seeker

• Offers facts or opinions relates his or her own
  experience directly to the group task or problem
• Asks for facts, opinions, or interpretations
  seeks clarification of suggestions made

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Initiator/contributor

• Proposes tasks, goals, or actions suggests
  solutions, procedures,or ways of handling
  difficulties helps to organize the group

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Orienter/clarifier

• Defines the position of a group with respect to
  its goals by summarizing what has occurred
  points to departures from agreed-on directions or
  goals raises questions about the direction that
  the group discussion is taking

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Opinion giver Opinion seeker

• States beliefs or opinions pertinent to a
  suggestion made or to alternative suggestions
  emphasizes what should become the groups view of
  pertinent values, not primarily relevant factors
  or information
• Asks for a clarification of the values pertinent
  to what the group is undertaking, rather than
  primarily the facts of the case considers values
  involved in a suggestion or in alternative
  suggestions

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Procedural technician Recorder

• Does things for the group performs routine tasks
  such as distributing materials, taking notes,
  typing, and photocopying
• Writes down suggestions, records group decisions,
  or notes the product of discussion provides
  group memory

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Maintenance Roles

• Compromiser
• Encourager
• Follower
• Gatekeeper/expediter
• Harmonizer
• Observer/commentator
• Standard setter

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Compromiser Encourager

• Tries to offer a compromise among conflicting
  ideas or
• positions (for example, by yielding status,
  admitting error,maintaining harmony, or meeting
  the group halfway)
• Praises, agrees with, and accepts the
  contributions of others acts friendly, warm, and
  responsive to others offers praise and
  acceptance of other points of view, ideas, and
  suggestions

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Follower Gatekeeper/expediter

• Passively goes along with the ideas of others
  serves as an audience in group discussions and
  decision making
• Attempts to keep communication channels open
  encourages the participation of others tries to
  make sure that all group members have the chance
  to participate

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Harmonizer Observer/commentator

• Attempts to reconcile disagreements among group
  members reduces tension gets people to explore
  differences
• Comments on and interprets the groups internal
  process

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Standard setter

• Expresses standards for the group to achieve or
  applies ego ideal standards in evaluating the
  quality of group processes

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Individual Roles

• Aggressor
• Blocker
• Dominator
• Evader
• Help seeker
• Player
• Recognition seeker
• Special interest pleader

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Aggressor

• Expresses disapproval of the acts, values, or
  feelings of others attacks the group or the
  groups problem shows envy toward anothers
  contribution or tries to take credit for it
  jokes aggressively

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Blocker

• Tends to be negative resists the direction in
  which the group is headed tends to disagree and
  oppose beyond reason attempts to bring back an
  issue the group has bypassed or rejected

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Dominator

• Tries to assert authority or superiority and to
  manipulate the group or certain group members
  (for example, through flattering members, giving
  directions authoritatively, or interrupting the
  contributions of others)

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Evader

• Uses the audience that the group setting provides
  to self-confessor express personal interests,
  feelings, or opinions unrelated to the groups
  purposes stays off the subject to avoid
  commitment

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Help seeker

• Attempts to call forth sympathetic responses from
  other group members by expressing insecurity,
  personal confusion, or self-deprecation

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Player

• Displays a lack of involvement in the groups
  processes (for example, through cynicism,
  nonchalance, or horseplay)

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Recognition seeker

• Works to call attention to self (for example,
  through boasting, referring to personal
  achievements, or acting in unusual or
  inappropriate ways)

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Special interest pleader

• Speaks for those with low status in the group,
  usually cloaking any prejudices or biases in the
  stereotype that best fits individual needs

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Bales's (1950, 1953) Interaction Process Analysis

• Two conflicting goals maintain the group and
  perform the group's task.
• Task performance usually results in maintenance
  problems
• Task Changes will create further Maintenance
  Problems
• Changes in task will include altering its
  division of labor and its power hierarchy for
  better task performance it will worsen human
  relationship
• The danger is that a group will swing back and
  forth between task and maintenance crises. Bales
  called this the "equilibrium problem

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orientation, evaluation, and control.

• In Bales's view, successful task performance
  rests on the group's ability to solve three
  problems
• Orientation
• involves the members coming to a common
  understanding and definition of the task. For
  example, members in the cleaning group should all
  understand that their task is to neaten a room.
• Evaluation
• involves members' developing common values
  regarding what a good solution must accomplish.
  For example, should the room be so clean that it
  sparkles when the group is finished, or will a
  relatively clean room be a good solution?
• Control
• involves the members' finding the best solution
  for the task, using the power and influence
  relationships among its members. Looking at the
  cleaning group, who should sweep the room and who
  is good at polishing?

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Positive Reactions

• Shows solidarity Jokes, gives help, rewards
  others
• Shows tension release Laughs, shows satisfaction
• Shows agreement Understands, concurs, complies,
  passively accepts Attempted Answers
• Gives suggestion Directs, proposes, controls
• Gives opinion Evaluates, analyzes, expresses
  feelings or wishes
• Gives information Orients, repeats, clarifies,
  confirms Questions
• Asks for information Requests orientation,
  repetition, confirmation, clarification
• Asks for opinion Requests evaluation, analysis,
  expression of feeling or wishes
• Asks for suggestion Requests directions,
  proposals

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Negative Reactions

• Shows disagreement Passively rejects, resorts to
  formality, withholds help
• Shows tension Asks for help, withdraws
• Shows antagonism Deflates others, defends or
  asserts self

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Van Lear (1996)

• has described this belief
• Group decisions do not automatically occur. They
  must be developed.
• Communication and its associated functions are
  necessary for a developed group decision.
• Decisions tend to develop through a series of
  stages or phases. This is because certain
  communicative functions are needed to move the
  group from one stage to the next.

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Social group work

• Growth groups (sharing and encounter) to
  cultivate self awareness and identity
• Work groups (task centered approach) to develop
  leadership and problem solving abilities
• Self help groups (support networking) to share
  similar experience to enhance social adjustments
  and problem solving

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Group work applications

• Behavioural groups to modify individuals
  behaviour through group norms and influences
• Therapeutic groups to enhance social adjustments
  using group cohesion and sharing of experiences

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History of social group work

• Church charity
• Christian youth groups
• YMCA
• Interest classes
• Developmental youth groups
• Juvenile Delinquents groups
• Community self help groups
• Mothers groups

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movie

• One flew over the Cuckcos Nest

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Setting the stage

• The importance of contracting and preparing
  individual member before taking them into a group

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An Overview of Social Role Valorization Theory

• empowerment

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Hierarchy of Needs

• Abraham Marslow
• Deficiency Needs and Growth Needs
• Individual, Physical needs and
• Social, emotional needs

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Maslows hierarchy of Needs
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Summary Process recordingsDate/time/venue/parti
cipants/purpose of the meeting
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Assignment One 25

• Use the service learning group as a background
• Write process recordings (English or Chinese) of
  each session of the group meetings including
  services
• Describe as detail as possible the
  characteristics of 10 group member after the 1st
  session (English or Chinese)
• Analyze using social roles theory the roles of
  each member of the group as the group develops in
  the process of accomplishing the service learning
  task. (no less than 2000 words in English).