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POL2272 Sondages et opinion publique

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Title: POL2272 Sondages et opinion publique


1
POL2272Sondages et opinion publique
  • Quest-ce que lopinion publique?

2
De multiples définitions
  • Public opinion may be said to be that sentiment
    on any given subject which is entertained by the
    best informed, most intelligent, and most moral
    person in the community. W.A. MacKinnon, 1828
  • There exists at any given time a body of
    beliefs, convictions, sentiments, accepted
    principles, or firmly rooted prejudices, which
    taken together, make up the public opinion of a
    particular era, or what we may call the reigning
    or predominant current of opinion. Albert V.
    Dicey, 1905

3
De multiples définitions
  • The pictures inside the heads of these human
    beings, the pictures of themselves, of others, of
    their needs, purposes, and relationships are
    their public opinions. Those pictures which are
    acted upon by groups of people, or by individuals
    acting in the name of groups, are Public Opinion
    with capital letters. Walter Lippman, 1922
  • Public opinion upon any matter was conceived as
    the hypothetical result of an imaginary
    plebiscite thereon. R.C. Binkley, 1927
  • Public opinion is the social judgment reached
    upon a question of general or civic import after
    conscious, rational public discussion. Clyde L.
    King, 1928

4
De multiples définitions
  • In order to have public opinion there must be a
    coincidence of individual opinions covering a
    sufficient number of persons, and preferably a
    majority of them. W.B. Munro, 1931
  • It is rather exaggerated to pretend that there
    exists at the present time, a public opinion, in
    the intellectual sense, outside of the elite.
    J.A. Sauerwein, 1933
  • The attitudes, feelings, or ideas of the large
    body of the people about important public
    issues. D.W. Minar, 1960

5
De multiples définitions
  • The term public opinion is given its meaning
    with reference to a multi-individual situation in
    which individuals are expressing themselves, or
    can be called upon to express themselves,
    favoring (or else disfavouring) some definite
    condition, person, or proposal of widespread
    importance, in such a proportion of number,
    intensity, and consistency, as to give rise to
    the probability of affecting action, directly or
    indirectly, toward the object concerned. Floyd
    H. Allport, 1937
  • Public opinion in this discussion may simply be
    taken to mean those opinions held by private
    persons which governments find it prudent to
    heed. V.O. Key, 1961

6
De multiples définitions
  • Generations of philosophers, jurists,
    historians, political theorists, and journalism
    scholars have torn their hair in the attempt to
    provide a clear definition of public opinion.
    (...) Moreover, no progress has been made since
    that time. Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, 1993

7
Opinion publique
8
Opinion publique
  • Public opinion is what opinion polls try to
    measure or what they measure with some error.
    Philip E. Converse, 1987

9
Opinion publique
  • Opinion
  • jugement
  • subjectif

10
Opinion ?
  • Paul Martin est le Premier ministre du Canada.

11
Opinion ?
  • Les meurtriers devraient recevoir la peine de
    mort.

12
Opinion ?
  • Jai voté lors de la dernière élection.

13
Opinion ?
  • On devrait bannir la cigarette.

14
Opinion ?
  • La Heineken sent la mouffette.

15
Opinion ?
  • Les coupures dimpôts constituent le meilleur
    moyen de stimuler léconomie.

16
Opinion publique
  • Publique
  • contraire de privé
  • sphère collective
  • population

17
Opinion publique
  • Définition
  • Les opinions des citoyens sur un sujet
    dimportance pour la société.

18
Opinion publique?
  • Les meurtriers devraient recevoir la peine de
    mort.
  • On devrait bannir la cigarette.
  • La Heineken sent la mouffette.
  • Les coupures dimpôts constitue le meilleur moyen
    de stimuler léconomie.

19
Évolution du concept
  • Platon (427-347 AEC)
  • Aristote (384-322 AEC)
  • Machiavelli (1469-1527) La meilleure
    forteresse quun prince puisse avoir est
    laffection de ses peuples sil est haï, toutes
    les forteresses quil pourra avoir ne le
    sauveront pas.
  • Hobbes (1588-1679) Lopinion gouverne le
    monde.
  • Temple (1628-1699) Lopinion forme la base et
    les fondements de tout gouvernement .
  • Locke (1632-1704) la loi de lopinion.

20
Évolution du concept
  • Rousseau (1712-1778) La volonté générale peut
    seule diriger le forces de lÉtat selon la fin de
    son institution, qui et le bien commun.
  • Hume (1711-1776) Ainsi, le gouvernement nest
    fondé que sur lopinion et ce principe
    sapplique aussi bien aux états les plus
    despotiques et les plus militaires quaux états
    les plus libres et les plus populaires.
  • Necker (1732-1804) Seul les fous, les
    théoriciens pures et les apprentis ignorent de
    tenir compte de lopinion publique.
  • Bentham (1748-1832), Thomas Jefferson
    (1743-1826), Madison (1751-1836) et Mill
    (1806-1873)

21
Évolution du concept
  • Le 20è siècle ...
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