EUROPE

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EUROPE
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London 14M people
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Londonzip codes
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The tube is one of the oldest subways (1863)
still in operation. 270 stations and billion
passengers in 2007.
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London Underground car.
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Parliament and Big Ben along the Thames River
are the legislative bodies of the UK.
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London Eye was built in celebration of the
Millennial Celebration in 2000. Each pod of the
Eye holds 40 people.
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10 Downing St is the home to the Prime Minster or
presidential equivalent.
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Buckingham Palace, 770 rooms
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A war memorial statue at the Bank of England is
protected against the protests that are expected
to come during the summit.
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Herbert Knosowski APUS President Barack Obama,
left, and his wife Michelle greet the crowd prior
to his speech in front of the Castle in Prague,
Czech Republic.
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Colombian matador Luis Bolivar performs with a
Puerto de San Lorenzo's ranch bull during a
bullfight at Las Ventas bullring in Madrid.
Former Armani model and now competitive Spanish
bullfighter http//www.youtube.com/watch?v5U11HNj
PD-I
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Relative Location
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Physical Landscapes

• Central Uplands
• Alpine Mountains
• Western Uplands
• North European Lowland

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European continental divide
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Alps were created from a collision of the Euro
and African tectonic plates.
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European Tectonic Plates
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LAquila, Italy
2009 earthquake damage
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LAquila
Rome
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LAquila
Rome
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LAquila
Rome
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LAquila
Rome
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LAquila 32,000 housing units
Conversely, news media reported 70,000 homeless
as a result of the quake which obviously includes
a larger area.
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Richter scalemeasured the intensity of
earthquakes
LAquila
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Agrarian (farm) Revolution

• Began in Europe in the 1750s
• Based on new agricultural innovations
• Enabled increased food production
• Enabled sustained population increase

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Industrial Revolution

• Developed in the United Kingdom between 1750 and
  1850
• Evolved from technical innovations in British
  industry
• Proved to be a major catalyst for increased
  urbanization

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Industrial Location Theory (Alfred Weber, 1909)

• Examined the influences that affect industrial
  location, an activity at specific points
• Agglomerative forces
• Sharing equipment, transport, labor skills
• Advantage of London, Paris, other cities without
  nearby raw materials
• Deglomerative forces
• Congestion
• Competition for space
• Environmental pollution
• Overburdening infrastructure

Ulrich Leppman
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Europes Languages

• Great variety of languages and dialects
• Many (but not all) are part of the Indo-European
  language family

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Urban Tradition

• A highly urbanized region
• Primate city the city within a country that
  dominates in population, economy, culture,
  political power. Country with only a single,
  large city and no hierarchy of cities.
• Urbanization
• Smaller family size
• Longer life spans

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EuropesPopulation Implosion

• Falling share of the worlds population
• Fertility at an all-time low
• Fewer young people
• Smaller working-age population
• Immigration partially offsetting losses
• Lack of cultural integration with immigrants

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Fertility for Europe, 2006
The map shows expected number of children born
per woman in her child-bearing years, based on
2006 age-specific fertility rate data. Lower
fertility results in a lower support ratio or
fewer workers (ages 15-64y/o) who must support
more dependents (ages 0-14 and 65y/o).
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Fertility by Country, 2006
The map shows expected number of children born
per woman in her child-bearing years, based on
2006 age-specific fertility rate data. Lower
fertility results in a lower support ratio or
fewer workers (ages 15-64y/o) who must support
more dependents (ages 0-14 and 65y/o).
Results in below replacement levels of
population, or POPULATION LOSS
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Most industrialized countries of the world now
have below replacement birth rates, aka fertility.

• Causes of Declining Fertility
• Availability and acceptance of contraception
• Urbanization (higher costs of raising a family)
• Rise of Feminism (higher rates of female
  participation in the labor force)
• Effects of Declining Fertility
• Declining population
• Population aging (more people at older ages i.e.
  fewer workers per dependents, hence lower
  support ratios.)
• Economic stagnation/decline

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Europe is especially affected with a population
loss, so their response has been to open their
borders to attract immigrants, and thereby
preserve their positionof economic
competitiveness.
This policy is not without controversy and
unprecedented social change, as multiple labor
forces with diverse languages and culture begin
to merge at unprecedented levels !!
Thus, the US is not unique in its dilemma to
address complicated immigration issues.
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European Muslim immigration is changing its
cultural landscape
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European Union designed to address economic
issues.
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Supranationalism

• A venture involving three or more states
• Political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation
  to promote shared objectives
• European supranationalism started with the 1944
  economic Benelux Agreement, an economic union
  between
• Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg

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European Supranationalism

• 1947 Marshall Plan
• 1948 Organization for European Economic
  Cooperation (OEEC)
• 1949 Council of Europe
• 1951 European Coal and Steel
• Community (ECSC)
• 1958 European Economic Community
• (EEC) effective
• 1959 European Free Trade
• Association (EFTA)
• 1965 EEC-ESC-EURATOM combined

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European Supranationalism

• Why would anyone want to give away international
  autonomy, one of the most sought-after goals of
  the past century?

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European Union (EU)

• Original Members (12) Belgium, Denmark, France,
  Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,
  Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK
• Established February 7, 1992
• Effective November 1, 1993
• Aimed to coordinate policy among the members in
  three areas
• Economics
• Defence
• Justice and home affairs

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European Union Members (2008)

• Austria
• Belgium
• Bulgaria
• Cyprus
• Czech Republic
• Denmark
• Estonia
• Finland
• France
• Germany
• Greece
• Hungary
• Ireland
• Italy

• Latvia
• Lithuania
• Luxembourg
• Malta
• Netherlands
• Poland
• Portugal
• Romania
• Slovakia
• Slovenia
• Spain
• Sweden
• United Kingdom

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25 Largest Euro Cities, Metro
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European Supranationalism

• EU Members and non-members
• indicates participation in the Euro currency

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Euro Currency

• Each country used to have its own currency high
  transaction costs
• Today 15 of the 27 EU members participate in the
  Euro currency
• Notable exceptions United Kingdom, Denmark,
  Sweden

• 1 Euro 1.4827 U.S. dollars

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Devolution

• The process whereby regions within a state
  demand and gain political strength and growing
  autonomy at the expense of the central
  governmentexamples
• Scotland and Wales in the United Kingdom
• Linguistic and cultural differences in Belgium
• Comparable to an expansion of states rights in
  the US

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European Regions

• Western
• British Isles
• Northern
• Mediterranean
• Eastern

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Tax Rates of World Countries
US personal tax rates are lt 30 and much less
than all other European countries.
US
Europe
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Western Europe
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Germany

• Divided into communist East and democratic West
  until the Berlin Wall fell in 1989
• Today a unified federal republic
• Regional disparities continue between east and
  west

Berlin
East Germany
West Germany
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German Chancellor Angela Merkel, left, welcomes
U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in
Berlin, Germany, Monday, Nov. 9, 2009. Clinton is
in Berlin to attend the commemoration ceremonies
marking the 20th anniversary of the fall of the
Berlin Wall.
Brandenburg Gate in Berlin
Model of the dominoes.
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Giant domino pieces installed along a stretch of
the Berlin Wall's original path are seen at
Brandenburg Gate in Berlin Monday.
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Fireworks illuminate the Brandenburg Gate in
Berlin amongst the symbolic fallen dominoes
representing the Wall.
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A woman places a rose into part of the former
Berlin wall, Monday Nov. 9, 2009, following a
commemoration ceremony for the 20th anniversary
of the fall of the Berlin Wall on Nov. 9, 1989,
at the wall memorial "Bernauer Strasse" in
Berlin, Germany.
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France

• Retains central role in Europe
• Political divisions
• Paris classic primate city
• Social issues with immigrant integration

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Paris 11M people
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Paris Metro
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Paris Landmarks
Arc de Triumph
Louvre Art Museum
Champs Elysees
Eiffel Tower
Notre Dame Cathedral
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Benelux Countries

• Netherlands
• Belgium
• North Flemish
• South French (Walloon)
• ? Luxembourg

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Alpine States

• Austria
• Liechtenstein (microstate)
• Switzerland
• All are
• Landlocked
• Mountainous
• Well off

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British Isles

• United Kingdom
• England
• Scotland
• Wales
• Northern Ireland
• Ireland

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UK and West Lothian, Scotland
Susan Boyle
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Northern (Nordic) Europe
Iceland

• Scandinavia
• Norway
• Sweden
• Denmark
• Finland
• Iceland
• Estonia
• Baltic Republic
• Was part of USSR

Sweden
Norway
Finland
Estonia
Denmark
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Sweden
clothing
furniture accessories
Finland
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Denmark small island nation5 million
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EUROPE III(Chapter 1, pages 60-73)
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Mediterranean Europe

• Six countries
• A discontinuous region, but all are
• on the Mediterranean Sea
• On the periphery
• Cultural continuity dates from
• Greco-Roman times
• Mediterranean climate
• Hot, dry summers
• Warm/cool and moist winters

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Mediterranean Europe
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Northeastern Mediterranean
Greece Cyprus (Greek portion only) Malta
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Italy

• Most populous Mediterranean country
• Best connected to the European core
• Most economically advanced
• Displays a sharp north/south contrast, divided by
  the Ancona line
• Main cities are Milan and Rome

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Italy fashion and design
Even though Milan is the national and worldwide
capital of fashion, Rome, Florence, Naples,
Venice and Turin also contain many high-end
fashion boutiques and are international capitals.
Italian Fashion Dolce Gabbana, Manolo Blanek,
Prada, Armani, Benetton, Biagiotti Laura, Bottega
Veneta, Capasa Ennio, Diesel, Versace, Gucci,
Fendi, Valentino, etc.
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TOURISTS WALK ON THE FLOODED SAINT-MARK'S SQUARE
IN VENICE. THE HIGH WATER, A CONVERGENCE OF HIGH
TIDES AND A STRONG SIROCCO WIND, STOOD AT 110
CENTIMETERS.
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Iberian Peninsula Spain and Portugal
Thematic Map of GDP per capita

• Rising in economic, cultural, and political
  importance, especially Spain
• Rapid economic improvement since joining the EU
• Regional devolutionary pressures

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Spain
Mediterranean Sea
Portugal
Atlantic Ocean
Morocco
North Africa
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Rock of Gilbraltar
Strait of Gilbraltar, 7 miles wide linking the
Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea
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Rock of Gilbraltar
Strait of Gilbraltar
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Rock of Gilbraltar
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Eastern Europe

• Europes largest region
• Contains the most countries
• Many countries were part of the Soviet sphere of
  influence
• Incorporates Europe's poorest country Moldova
• In 1990, none of its states could meet the
  criteria for membership in the EU, now 10 are
  members
• Reaches into the Russian zone of influence

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Former Eastern Europe
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Subregions of Eastern Europe
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Ethnic Groups In Eastern Europe
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Countries Facing the Adriatic Sea

• Former Yugoslavia
• Slovenia first to secede ethnically most
  homogeneous
• Croatia 4.4 million people (85 Croat)
• Bosnia landlocked and centrally positioned
• Macedonia 60 Macedonian, 25 Albanian
• Serbia largest and most populous with 10
  million people
• - Kosovo administered by NATO
• Montenegro 630,000 inhabitants
• Albania remnant of Turkish Ottoman Empire 70
  Muslims lowest economic ranking in Europe

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Breakup of the Former Yugoslavia
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Black Sea
Sea of Marmara
Greece
Aegean Sea
Turkey
Adriatic Sea
Mediterranean Sea
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Northeastern Mediterranean
Greece Cyprus (Greek portion only) Malta
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Bosporus Strait, separating the continents of
Europe Asia and the city of Istanbul, Turkey
Europe
Asia
Istanbul
Asia
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Bosporus Strait / Istanbul
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Marmara Tunnel is a rail/transportation link
under the Bosporus.
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Rail Transit Share of Motorized Trips ()
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Hagia Sophia
It was the largest cathedral in the world for
nearly a thousand years. The current building was
originally constructed as a church between 532
and 537 A.D.
Istanbul is a city where historical and cultural
values must be preserved and at the same time
modern railway facilities have to be installed to
decrease the environmental impact of public
transportation and increase the capacity,
reliability and comfort of the railway systems
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Istanbul, 11M people
Black Sea
Sea of Marmara
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