Energy Efficiency Research Sponsored by DOE

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Energy Efficiency Research Sponsored by DOE

• William G. Craddick
• Deputy Director
• Building Technologies Research Integration
  Center
• March 2009

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Much of DOE Sponsored Research is Accomplished
Through National Laboratories
Princeton
3
Oak Ridge National Laboratory evolved from the
Manhattan Project
ORNL in 1943The Clinton Pile was the worlds
first continuously operated nuclear reactor
3 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department
of Energy
4
ORNL is DOEs largest science and energy
laboratory

• Worlds most powerful open scientific computing
  facility
• Nations largest concentrationof open source
  materials research

• 1.3B budget
• 4,300 employees
• 3,000 researchguests annually
• 300 million investedin modernization
• Work with over 1,000 companies

• Nations most diverse energy portfolio
• Bringing the 1.4B Spallation Neutron Source into
  operation
• Second only to GE in RD 100 awards
• Second only to General Electric in number of RD
  100 Awards

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ORNL is performing research and development
across the energy sector
Consumption
Distribution
Generation
Buildings Industry Transportation
Transmission technology Hydrogen Distributed
systems
Fossil Fission Renewables Fusion
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Buildings Energy Use is Large and Growing
40 of U.S. Primary Energy Consumption
Industry 377 MMTC (25)
Buildings 658 MMTC (43)
Source 2007 Buildings Energy Data Book. Tables
1.1.3, 1.2.3, 1.3.3
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at ORNL

• FEMPs Mission To reduce the cost and
  environmental impact of the Federal government by
  
• Advancing energy efficiency and water
  conservation
• Promoting the use of distributed and renewable
  energy
• Improving utility management decisions at Federal
  sites
• Super Energy Savings Performance Contract (Super
  ESPC) Program
• Achieved consensus among agencies on data to be
  collected on all federal ESPCs
• To support evaluation, compiled the historical
  data for DOEs Super ESPC program
• Designed, began implementing, an evaluation
  addressing whether Super ESPC pays for itself
  from cost savings
• Technical assistance to agencies applying
  advanced technologies in their energy projects
  (financed or direct-funded)

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Weatherization Program

• AUDIT DEVELOPMENT, IMPROVEMENT, AND TECHNICAL
  ASSISTANCE
• Development of NEAT MHEA Audit Programs
• Support for State Implementation and Utilization
  of NEAT/MHEA
• Weatherization Assistant Development and
  Maintenance
• EVALUATION AND METRICS
• State Evaluation Assistance
• Lead-Safe Work Practices
• Strategic Evaluation Of the Weatherization
  Program
• POLICY EVALUATION, ANALYSIS, AND SUPPORT
• Periodic Information Updates For Policy Makers
  and the State and Local Network
• General Program Support On Request

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Building Technologies Strategic Goal Net Zero
Energy Buildings

• Net Zero Energy Building (ZEB) Definition
• A building with greatly reduced energy use (60
  to 70 less) through efficiency gains, with the
  balance of energy needs supplied by renewable
  technologies.
• Targets for Zero Energy Technology Market
  Available
• Residential ZEH by 2020
• Commercial ZEB by 2025

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Unique Facilities, Expertise
Industry Relationships for Envelope RD
Material System Characterization
Field Research
Advanced Hygrothermal Modeling
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Recent Envelope Technology Examples
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Unique Facilities, Expertise
Industry Relationships for Equipment RD
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Web-Based HPDM

• Fully Accessible Online from Browser
• Design and Operating Parametrics
• Online PerformancePlots/Tables
• Exportable Data Sets
• Input Output

To Access Mark VII Model http//www.ornl.gov/wlj/
hpdm/MarkVII.shtml
HVACR Educators Conference March 2009
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Active Use of Web-Based HPDM
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DOE/BT Strategic Goal - Net ZEH Technology Market
Ready by 2020

• Net Zero Energy Home (ZEH) Definition
• A home with greatly reduced energy use (60 to
  70 less) through efficiency gains, with the
  balance of energy needs supplied by renewable
  technologies.
• HVAC Water Heating Program Supporting Goal
• Develop equipment that has potential to reduce
  HVAC/WH energy use by 50 (from Building America
  benchmark) in net ZEHs while providing indoor
  humidity control with no increase in net monthly
  costs for mortgage and utilities.

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Path to Zero Energy Homes
Heat pump water heater 50 energy savings
Whole-houseenergy savings 70 use80 peak
periods
Whole-house energy savings 40 use40 peak
periods
Ground-source IHP Saves 50on H, C, WH, D
Air-source IHPSaves 50 on H, C,WH, D in mild
areas
Appliances, suites, whole-home E-mgmt
Integration of emerging technologies from partners
Integrationof todaystechnology
Various Partners
ZEHcore wall and Advanced Envelopes
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Cooperative Research and Development Agreement on
High Efficiency Water Heating

• February, 2008
• CRADA initiated with GE
• Sept. Oct., 2008
• Completed all 315 of 315 cycles on durability
  tests on 9 units
• Initiated next sequence of protocol tests
• January 1, 2009
  effective date of Energy Star performance
  criteria for storage heat pump class
• energy factor 2.0
• first-hour rating 50 gallons
• Fourth Quarter, 2009
• GE target to introduce Hybrid Electric Water
  Heater product to US market that meets Energy
  Star criteria

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AS-IHP Concept

• Full integration allows maximum use of waste heat
• AS-IHP concept, in dehumidification/ventilation/WH
  mode, shown at right - many modes possible
• Space heating or cooling
• Dedicated water heating
• Dedicated dehumidification and/or humidification
• Ventilation air pre-treatment H in winter, C
  dehumidify in spring/summer/fall

Lab prototype air handler ref/air HX water/air
HX blower
Possible AS-IHP packaging approach
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Conceptual Installation of Residential Air-Source
Integrated Heat Pump
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Air-Source Integrated Heat Pump Space Cooling
Plus Water heating
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GS-IHP Concept

• Performance expected to exceed that of AS-IHP in
  most locations
• Geothermal source sink (ground HX, etc) generally
  provides more favorable operating conditions for
  compressor than OD air
• GS-IHP system concept dehumidification/ventilati
  on/WH mode shown
• Cost could approach that of AS-IHP with enhanced
  GHX designs under development
• GHX installed in house foundation excavation (FHX)

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Conceptual Installation of Residential
Ground-Source Integrated Heat Pump
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Ground-Source Integrated Heat Pump Dedicated
Dehumidification and Water Heating
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IHP Unit Sizing and Energy Savings Predictions
for 1800 ft2 (167 m2) ZEH in 5 U.S Locations
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IHP Summer afternoon utility peak reduction
predictions for 1800 ft2 (167 m2) ZEH in 5 U.S
locations
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Energy Savings of IHP vs. Best Gas/AC Option

• Compared to equipment suite consisting of
  electric AC (18 SEER), 92.5 gas furnace, 84 gas
  tankless water heater for 1800 ft2 ZEH

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ORNL Working with Partners to Bring IHP to Market

• Partnership Agreements Established in January
  2008
• GS-IHP ClimateMaster
• AS-IHP Lennox
• Lab Development Testing in Progress
• Prototypes Installed in ZEBRAlliance Houses in
  Winter 2009
• Sales Expected to Begin in 2011

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Whole-Building Integration

• Residential focus to date
• Started in low cost houses (2002 2007)
• Partnership with Habitat for Humanity, TVA and
  Industry
• Moving to mainstream houses (2008 onward)
• Three Campbell Creek research houses
• Four ZEBRAlliance research houses

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Five Years (2002-07) Five Near Zero Energy
HousesBuilding America 50 Savers in
Mixed-Humid Climate
40 Savers vs EnergyStar, (50 vs Code)
Tennessee Valley Authority Residential rate
9/kWh Solar power buyback rate 15 /kWh
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ZEHcor Interior Utility Wall

• Saves energy
• Reduces hot water distribution losses
• Enables energy-saving integration that could
  never be done reliably on-site
• Reduces cost
• Pre-fabrication in a controlled environment
• Greater labor productivity
• Less materials waste

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ZEHcor
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Foundation Heat Exchanger (FHX)

• Saves energy
• Enables use of geothermal (ground-source) heat
  pump
• Reduces cost
• Uses excavations needed anyway to build the house
• No extra digging or drilling

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HERS Index
ZEBRAlliance
Builders Challenge
Energy Star
Code
Less Energy
MoreEnergy
100
70
80
50
60
30
40
10
20
90
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Campbell Creek Builder House
10/12/2008

• 2,400 ft2, HERS 85
• Standard framing package R-13 walls, R-30 ceiling
• 2 air-source heat pumps, one per floor, SEER 13,
  4.5 tons total
• Ducts and top floor indoor unit not in
  conditioned space

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Campbell Creek Retrofit House

• 2,400 ft2, HERS 65
• Sealed and insulated attic
• One 3 ton heat pump, HSPF 9.5, SEER 16, zone
  control
• 100 CFL lighting
• EnergyStar appliances
• Single-hung Low-E, argon gas-filled windows

Retrofit House
Builder House
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• Campbell Creek Research House, 2,400 ft2, HERS
  31
• Advanced framing (2 x 6) with DOWsis (R-2.74)
  sheathing rather than OSB
• R-49 attic with LP Techshield radiant barrier
  sheathing
• R-7.9 triple-pane windows
• One 2-ton air-source heat pump, SEER 16,
  HSPF9.5, zone control
• Fantech energy recovery ventilator (ERV)
• Advanced appliances, waste heat recovery, HPWH,
  2.5 kW solar PV, etc.

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ZEBRAlliance (www.zebralliance.com)

• ZEBRAlliance houses (builder pays for land,
  bricks mortar)
• Schaad shoulders costs (unoccupied houses for
  research for 30 months)
• Four houses ? four envelope strategies (all HERS
  30s, affordability is key)
• Two 3,600 ft2 with walk out basements and two
  2,100 ft2 with crawlspaces
• ZEHcore walls, foundation heat exchangers
• Rotations of equipment, appliances and energy
  management over 30 months
• Documentary of construction for builder training,
  consumer education
• Education and outreach
• Web site
• ZEBRAlliance Buildings Summit
• Whole-house ratings (HERS)
• Builders boot camp (achieving low HERS
  affordably)
• Consumer education (same owning operating cost
  half the energy)

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Seeking Affordable Max-EE Envelope
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DOE Sponsors Wide Variety of Energy Efficiency
Research at ORNL and Other National Laboratories

• ORNL
• Building Envelopes
• Building Equipment
• Whole Building Integration
• Others Transportation, Electricity
  Distribution, Solar, etc.
• Other Labs
• LBNL activities include windows, interior air
  distribution quality, whole house analysis
  computer programs (EnergyPlus)
• NREL activities include support for Building
  America, whole house analysis computer programs
  (BEopt)
• PNNL activities include Building America best
  practices guides
• New Administrations Emphasis on Energy
  Efficiency Will Produce Expanded and Accelerated
  Effort