Disorders Imbalances

1
Disorders / Imbalances
2
Angina Pectorisangina strangled chest

• pain in the chest due to lack of oxygen
• related to reduced coronary circulation
• Due to
• - blood clots
• - fatty atherosclerotic plaques
• - spasms of the smooth muscles in coronary
  artery walls

3
Angina Pectoris (cont.)

• reduced coronary circulation causes
• - ischemia - reduction of blood flow
• - hypoxia - reduced oxygen supply
• weakens cells does not kill them

4
Angina Pectoris (cont.)

• Symptoms include
• - tight or squeezing sensation in chest
• - labored breathing
• - weakness, dizziness, and perspiration
• - referred pain neck, chin, down left arm to
  elbow
• most often occurs during exertion because heart
  demands more oxygen
• disappears with rest

5
Myocardial Infarction

• commonly called heart attack
• infarction - death of an area of tissue because
  of an interrupted blood supply
• more serious than ischemia
• Result of
• - thrombus - stationary blood blot
• - embolus - clot carried by the blood

6
Myocardial Infarction (cont.)

• tissue distal to obstruction dies and is replaced
  by non-cardiac tissue (non-contractile
  scar tissue)
• heart loses some of its strength
• infarction may also disrupt conduction system
  which may cause sudden death by triggering
  ventricular fibrillation

7
Myocardial Infarction (cont.)

• Treatment
• - clot dissolving thrombolytic agent
  (streptokinase, tPA (tissue plasminogen
  activator) with heparin
• - coronary angioplasty

8
Heart Murmurs

• abnormal sound(s) of heart
• consists of a flow noise
• heard either before or after lubb-dupp
• may mask normal heart sounds
• may indicate valve disorder
• some murmurs are considered innocent (do not
  suggest heart problems)

9
Congestive Heart Failure

• failing pump
• as pump becomes less effective more blood
  remains in the ventricles at the end of each
  cycle
• example of positive feedback cycle - less
  effective pumping leads to even lower pumping
  capability

10
Congestive Heart Failure (cont.)

• Causes include
• - coronary artery disease
• - congenital defects
• - long-term high blood pressure
• - myocardial infarcts

11
Pulmonary Edema

• abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid
• - the tissue spaces
• - alveoli of the lungs
• Due to
• - increased pulmonary capillary permeability
• - increased pulmonary capillary pressure
• blood backs up in the lungs
• if untreated, person may suffocate

12
Peripheral Edema

• occurs when right ventricle fails first
• blood backs up in the systemic vessels
• noticeable in the feet and ankles