Lucent Technologies

1
Lucent Technologies

• Wireless Networks Group
• 1999 Co-op Program
• PRESENTATION
• August 10, 1999

2
Introduction

• Name Michael Phillip
• School The University
• of the
• West Indies
• (Trinidad and Tobago)
• Department Customer Technical Support /
• Program Management (CTS/PM)

3
Objectives

• 1. Cellular Systems
• Develop an understanding of a generic cellular
  system, and relate this to Lucents CDMA system -
  Autoplex 1000.
• 2. System Performance
• Research a cost effective direct data link
  between Lucent and BAM for the retrieval of CDMA
  service measurement data files, for performance
  analysis and report generation.
• 3. System Resources Model
• Develop a model that relates cellular traffic to
  system resources, for the analysis and
  specification of a CDMA hardware configuration,
  that will support the required traffic throughput.

4
Benefits and Details

• The following sections attempt to address the
  following
• Give some of the benefits which may be derived by
  achieving the aforementioned objectives.
• Give details on meeting the objectives, including
  areas in which improvements may be made.

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Objectives

• 1. Cellular Systems
• Develop an understanding of a generic cellular
  system, and relate this to Lucents CDMA system -
  Autoplex 1000.
• 2. System Performance
• Research a cost effective direct data link
  between Lucent and BAM for the retrieval of CDMA
  service measurement data files, for performance
  analysis and report generation.
• 3. System Resources Model
• Develop a model that relates cellular traffic to
  system resources, for the analysis and
  specification of a CDMA hardware configuration,
  that will support the required traffic throughput.

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1. Cellular Systems

• Description
• To develop an understanding of the process
  involved, and the functional units that comprise
  a generic cellular system.
• Relate this to Lucents CDMA cellular system
  the Autoplex 1000 System.

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Cellular Systems

• Benefits
• Provides the essential foundation and
  understanding, of the core product of the Network
  Wireless Systems group.
• This then lends itself to better achievement of
  the said objectives.

8
Cellular Systems

• Details
• This objective was achieved mainly through
  self-paced
• study, and lecture-based courses, which included
• CL1000A Autoplex System 1000 Overview.
• LTW300L Principles of Digital Wireless Access
  Radio Communications.
• LTW100L Introduction to Cellular and PCS
  Communications Systems and Technologies.

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Objectives

• 1. Cellular Systems
• Develop an understanding of a generic cellular
  system, and relate this to Lucents CDMA system -
  Autoplex 1000.
• 2. System Performance
• Research a cost effective direct data link
  between Lucent and BAM for the retrieval of CDMA
  service measurement data files, for performance
  analysis and report generation.
• 3. System Resources Model
• Develop a model that relates cellular traffic to
  system resources, for the analysis and
  specification of a CDMA hardware configuration,
  that will support the required traffic throughput.

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2-1. System Performance Data Collection

• Details
• Investigation of existing data collection methods
  for the transfer of large data files such as
  AutoPACE .smd files, ECP Service Measurements
  Data, and .rop files from customer sites to our
  in-house platforms.
• Investigation of new possible methods and
  alternatives to existing data collection
  methods between customer sites and Lucent,
  Whippany.
• Establish an internal contact to discuss the
  resources available for the direct collection
  of large volumes of data (10 100Mb) files.

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Existing Data Collection MethodThis
investigation lead to the FOA group, which in the
past has collected data for Bell Atlantic Mobile,
in regions which included

• North Jersey
• Boston
• Philadelphia

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The FOA Data-Collection System

• For any such system, there must be some medium
  for
• the data transmission, and an appropriate
  protocol must
• be used.
• In the FOA system, the following are utilized.
• Transmission medium - Internet
• Data transfer protocol - File transfer protocol

13
System Implementation

• It must be possible to perform a direct FTP from
  the clients site, to Lucents Columbus server.
• Software is loaded onto the clients machine,
  which would automate the FTP procedures for
  transferring the relevant data files from their
  system (OMP) to the Columbus server, on a timely
  basis.
• At Whippany, there is software loaded onto a
  machine which automates the retrieval of the data
  files from the Columbus server, and places it
  into the appropriate database for further
  processing.

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Benefits of the FOA System

• Since the Internet is a shared resource and is
  readily available it represents the best
  compromise between cost and efficiency.
• Furthermore, the international nature of the
  Internet would allow for rapid growth of the
  system, at minimal cost, especially in light of
  Lucents current expansion into international
  markets.
• The ability to ready access the clients system
  performance data, allows CTS personnel to respond
  quickly to system performance problems that they
  may have, and also, to be pro-active in following
  trends, and identifying potential problems that
  the client may experience.

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Security Concerns

• Security of data and system information may be of
  major
• concern to the client, and may be addressed as
  follows
• The Columbus server uses blind directories for
  its anonymous ftp, so in order to retrieve the
  files, one must know the exact directory, and
  names of the files.
• The use of scripts to automate the data transfer
  means that no Lucent employee would need to
  physically enter the clients system to retrieve
  data.
• Third-party encryption software may be used to
  provide added security.

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2-2. System Performance Report Generation

• Details
• Work with FOA Engineering to establish a
  connection to
• the an AutoPACE platform, for the following
• Generation of meaningful System Performance
  Reports that take a very general look at CDMA
  system health and CDMA system performance.
• Creation of a report that utilizes Lucent
  Technologies recommended CDMA Performance
  Metrics for each Bell Atlantic Mobile Region.

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Implementation

• The list below gives the procedures for
  generating the
• appropriate reports.
• Select the required database in the autopace.ini
  file.
• Setup the a scenario, which includes the network
  elements of interest - ECPs, Cells, etc.
• Setup a report template which contains the
  performance metrics (counts) required.
• Define the time period -Time, day, month, year.
• Define the report type - Day vs. network element.
• Setup the output processing - To printer or file,
  etc.

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Benefits

• The ability to generate system performance data
  of the clients system, allows CTS personnel to
  respond quickly to system problems, resulting in
  improved customer service.
• Reports may be generated periodically, to observe
  trends which may indicate potential problems for
  the clients system. This would allow CTS
  personnel to be pro-active in dealing with
  systems problems.

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Examples of Useful Reports

• CDN Processor Occupancy
• CDN Real Time Processor Occupancy (CDN_PO_).
• of Real Time used by Call Processing (CPRTUsg).
• of Real Time used by Autonomous Reg. (ARRTUsg).
• Autonomous Registration Counts
• Autonomous Registrations for Home subscribers.
• Autonomous Registrations for Roamers.
• Assignment Counts
• CDMA Originations Assigned.
• CDMA Terminations Assigned.
• AMPS Total Assigned (Orig Term).

21
Case Study

• Customer had expectations that variations in CDN
  PO should have been driven by Call Processing,
  but their observations did not support this.
• Reports generated by AutoPACE were used in the
  subsequent investigation and showed that
  Autonomous Registration was the pre-dominant
  contributor to the CDN PO variations.
• This information was then used in educating the
  client, and has since been applied in some
  situations.
• The data was also used in an Internal Study on
  Access Failures for CDMA systems.

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Objectives

• 1. Cellular Systems
• Develop an understanding of a generic cellular
  system, and relate this to Lucents CDMA system -
  Autoplex 1000.
• 2. System Performance
• Research a cost effective direct data link
  between Lucent and BAM for the retrieval of CDMA
  service measurement data files, for performance
  analysis and report generation.
• 3. System Resources Model
• Develop a model that relates cellular traffic to
  system resources, for the analysis and
  specification of a CDMA hardware configuration,
  that will support the required traffic throughput.

28
3. CDMA System Resources Model

• Description
• Development of a Model that would be used to
  analyze and
• specify the CDMA hardware configurations that
  support the
• traffic (data packets) throughput between the
  cell site and
• switch components, in terms of the following
• Identification of the most constraining resource
  or component of the system.
• Calculation of the maximum load based on given
  resources.
• Determination of resources required for a
  pre-determined load.

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CDMA System Hardware Model
Key CE Channel Element CCC CDMA Cluster
Ctrl CCU CDMA Channel Unit DFI Digital
Facilities Interface DLTU Digital Line Trunk
Unit FRPH Frame Relay Protocol Hnd PHA Protocol
Hnd for ATM PHV Protocol Hnd for
Voice PSU Packet Switching Unit SM Switching
Module TSI Time Slot Interchanger PSTN Public
Switched Telephone Network
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Model Design

• The model consists of the following
• The cell hardware component necessary for call
  processing in a Series II cell-site.
• The packet pipe specifications, which are chosen
  to adequately handle the traffic between cell and
  switch.
• The switch hardware components,of a 5ESS switch,
  which are required to support only a single
  cell-site.

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Model Used In Analysis
32
Cell Components

• The cell components considered in the model are
• Channel Elements(CE) - this handles an
• 
  individual call.
• CDMA Channel Unit(CCU) - this contains
  groups of
• 
  channel elements.
• CDMA Cluster Controller(CCC) - this unit controls
• 
  cluster of CCUs and
• 
  provides the interface to
• 
  the TDM bus.

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Packet Pipe Components

• The packet pipe essentially consists of groups of
• contiguous channels within a T1/E1 line, and
  specifications
• which comprise
• DS0 Rate - the data transfer rate of an
  individual
• channel (eg. 64 kbps,
  56 kbps).
• Vocoder Rate - the digitized speech rate handled
  by the
• speech coder (eg. 8
  kbps, 13 kbps).
• Packet Pipe - the number of contiguous DS0
  channels
• Size used, within a T1/E1
  line.

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Switch Components

• The switch components considered are
• Protocol Handler - this handles speech
  encoding/decoding
• for voice (PHV) and the selection of
  speech frames.
• Frame Relay - this terminates the packet
  pipe from the
• Protocol Handler cell onto the packet bus
  of the switch.
• (FRPH)
• Packet Switching - this contains the bus which
  performs the
• Unit(PSU) the packet switching
  function in the switch
• Switching - this contains the SM
  processors and the
• Module(SM) switching related modules
  of the switch.

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Assumptions

• Traffic load to the cell follows an Erlang B
  Model, which
• means that call may originate from an
  infinite number of source, and blocked calls are
  cleared from the system.
• The error incurred by not including channel
  element
• pooling in the analysis, may be considered to
  be small
• for the range of traffic loads in question.
• The offered load to the cell is uniformly
  distributed among sectors.
• The air-interface limit, on a per sector/carrier
  level may not be exceeded (constraint).

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Implementation

• The Model was implemented in the form of a
  computer
• application, as this would allow a fairly high
  degree of
• automation.
• Borland C Builder 4.0 was used, as it provides
  both the power of C, as found in Visual C,
  but with the ease of GUI building as found in
  Visual Basic, all in one package.
• Furthermore, as a result of past experience in C
  programming, there would be a shorter learning
  curve.
• A highly modular approach to algorithm design was
  adopted, to both reduce complexity, and to
  facilitate improvements on individual modules,
  without significantly affecting the rest of the
  application.

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Future Improvements

• Addition of a graphical user interface,
  preferably keeping platform independence in mind.
• Modification of the Erlang B routines, to take
  channel element pooling and unbalanced loading of
  sectors into account.
• Support for Packet Pipe-16 and other
  enhancements.
• Support for modeling a system of one switch and
  multiple cell sites.
• Placement of a cost factor onto system
  components, so that cost effectiveness may be
  taken into account in the analysis.

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Benefits

• Provides some measure of forecasting, in
  determining when the client should reach
  capacity, given an estimate of the rate of growth
  of traffic to the cell.
• Provides a means of running what-if scenarios,
  from the point of view of quantities of specific
  system components, in determining the most cost
  effective path towards capacity growth.
• Increases the productivity of the user, by
  eliminating the need to perform manual
  calculations a table look-ups, and in addition,
  reducing human error.

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Case Study

• Consider a system with the following
  specifications
• Offered load 39.3 Erlangs
• Probability of blocking 2
• Number of sectors 3
• Users in Soft Hand-off 35
• Packet pipe DS0 rate 56 kbps
• CE vocoder rate 13 kbps
• Type of PHV PHV3

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Calculations

• Using the Erlang-B tables
• Number of CEs 49
• Including Soft H/O users,
• Number of Traffic CEs 49 x 1.35 66.15 ? 67
• Require 1 CE - Paging Ch, 1 CE -
  Pilot/Sync/Access per sector
• Number of Overhead CEs 3 x (1 1) 6
• Total no of CEs is the sum of Traffic CEs and
  Overhead CEs
• Number of CEs 67 6 73

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Calculations

• One ECU contains 10 CEs
• Number of ECUs 73/10 7.3 ? 8
• Total available CEs
• Number of Traffic CEs (8 x 10) - 6 74
• Total traffic now supported is 62.9 Erlangs (from
  Tables)
• Offered load per per sector 62.9/3 20.967
  Erlangs
• Number of carriers required 3 (20.967/3 lt 7.4)
• From Packet Pipe table, each 8 DS0 PP (at
  56kbps) can
• support 19, 13kbps CEs
• Number of PPs 74/19 3.89 ? 4 (8 DS0 in
  width)

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Calculations

• Each T1 line supports 24 DS0s (PPs cannot span
  T1s)
• Number of T1 lines (4 x 8)/24 1.333 ? 2
• Each Packet Pipe must terminate at a CCC
• Number of CCCs 4
• From tables, 74 CEs support an offered load of
  62.9 Erlangs
• For no blocking, and operation at 90 efficiency,
• Total number of vocoders 63/0.90 70
• Each PHV3 contains 16 vocoders
• Number of PHV3s 70/16 4.375 ? 5

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Calculations

• PPs terminate at an FRPH, which is limited to 32
  time slots
• (1 DS0 per slot) and can support upto 64
  vocoders.
• 4, 8 DS0 PPs require 32 slots, and supports 76
  CEs (4 x 19)
• Number of FRPHs 2
• (3, 8 DS0 1, 8 DS0)

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Summary

• Number of Carriers 3
• Number of Traffic CEs 74
• Number of Overhead CEs 6
• Number of ECUs 8
• Number of CCCs 4
• 4 Packet Pipes of size 8 DS0s
• Number of T1s 2
• Number of PHV3s 5
• Number of FRPHs 2

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Acquired Skills/Knowledge

• An understanding of the fundamental theory behind
  the IS-95 Standard.
• An understanding of the processes involved in the
  operations of a CDMA cellular system.
• An appreciation for performance metrics used in
  monitoring the health of a CDMA cellular system.
• Experience in Object-Oriented Programming (C).
• A broader understanding of communications
  technology.

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Courses Completed

• CL1000A - Autoplex System 1000 Overview
• LTT600W - Basic Traffic Theory and Trunk
  Engineering
• LTW300L - Principle of Digital Wireless Access
  Radio
• Communications
• LTW100L - An Introduction to Cellular and
  Personal
• Communications Systems
  and Technologies
• LTW362L - Introduction to CDMA Technology and the
• IS-95 Standard
• LTW364L - Introduction to Product Architecture,
• Operations and System
  Engineering for IS-95
• LTP400L - Digital Signal Processing in Wireless
• Communication Systems
• LCL200H - Object-Oriented Programming in C

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References

• AutoPACE Perofrmance Analysis Users Guide -
  Lucent, 401-660-126
• AUTOPLEX Cellular Telecommunications System 1000
  CDMA RF Engineering Guidelines - Lucent,
  401-614-012
• Basic Traffic Analysis - Roberta Martine
• Borland C Builder Programming Explorer - J.
  Mischel and J. Duntemann
• CDMAOne for RF Engineers, part 2 - Tanveer ul Haq
• Introduction to the AutoPACE System (CL1517) -
  Lucent
• System Capacity and Engineering Student Guide
  (CL1001PC) - Lucent
• The C Programming Language, 3rd Ed. - Bjarne
  Stroustrup

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