Current Events

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Current Events

• A Fitter Force Stay In Shape. Thats An Order
  For Norfolk-Based Sailors On Navy Ships. The
  Mandate For Group Workouts Is Part Of The
  Emphasis On A Culture Of Fitness.
• Duke Improves to 17-0 with victory over pesky NC
  State.
• Rice Owls lost to UAB 75-68
• UH Cougars defeat Southern Miss. 62-58

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Sea Power and Maritime Affairs

• Lesson 2 Sea Power in the Ancient Mediterranean
  World, from the Phoenicians to the Battle of
  Lepanto (1571)

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Learning Objectives

• The student will comprehend the importance of sea
  power and navies to the peoples of the
  Mediterranean basin during antiquity. Special
  emphasis will be placed on Crete, the
  Phoenicians, Persia, Greece, Rome and the Italian
  city-states of the Middle Ages and early
  Renaissance
• The student will understand the crucial role of
  the galley in naval warfare up to the Battle of
  Lepanto (October, 1571).

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Early Mediterranean Navies

• Agricultural development, establishment of
  central governments, social stratification, and
  organized militaries established in fertile river
  valleys
• Mesopotamia - Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
• India - Indus River
• China - Yellow and Yangtze Rivers
• Egypt - Nile River
• Civilizations use waterways for travel and trade.

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Early Mediterranean Navies

• Water transportation was cheaper than overland
  routes generally, and especially in the
  Mediterranean basin.
• The Mediterranean Sea was the natural locale for
  much of the war fighting that resulted from
  commercial and national or ethnic rivalry and
  that characterized antiquity
• From the outset, commercial or trading vessels
  were lumbering sailing ships naval vessels were
  galleys.

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Galley Warfare

• Need for defense of merchant shipping gives rise
  to a new type of ship, the galley.
• Primary Secondary
• Propulsion Oars Sails
• Weapons Infantry Rams/Projectiles
• Formation Line-Abreast Not Applicable

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Principal Functions of Navies

• 1. Protect sea trade routes.
• 2. Block or disrupt enemys sea trade routes.

• Command Control of the Sea
• 1. Defend against sea-borne attack.
• 2. Isolate the enemys land forces.
• 3. Carry the attack across the sea to the enemy.

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Line Abreast Formations
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Early Naval Powers

• Crete
• First maritime-oriented civilization - use of the
  sea.
• Worlds first Navy established (Circa 2,000 BC).
• Mahan-geographical position
• Natural resources- copper ore

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Early Naval Powers

• Phoenicians
• Seafaring peoples in eastern Mediterranean Sea.
• Colonies in southern and western Mediterranean
  Sea.

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Greeks and Persians at War (c. 492-480 B.C.)

• Background of Greeks
• By 5th century B.C., Greeks dominated Black and
  Aegean Seas and held trading monopoly on eastern
  Mediterranean.
• The Greeks exported olive, wine, and products of
  their gifted artisans and craftsmen established
  settlements and colonies as far away as the north
  shore of the Black Sea and Spain.
• The Greeks were chronically weakened by divisions
  into warring city-states.

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Greeks and Persians at War (c. 492-480 B.C.)

• Background of Persia
• Persia, a unified kingdom and empire, exuded from
  Iranian highlands, overwhelmed Phoenicians,
  Egyptians and all others in its path by 492
  B.C., Persia faced determined resistance from the
  Greek city-states to further expansion into
  Europe.

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Persian Empire

• King Cyrus expands empire from modern-day Iran.
• Phoenicians supply naval power to Persians in
  eastern Mediterranean Sea.
• King Darius attacks Greek colonies in Asia Minor
  and invades Greece.
• 492 BC - Storm destroys Persian fleet.
• 490 BC - Defeated by Athenians at the Battle of
  Marathon.

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Greco-Persian War and After (492-400 B.C.)

• Persia turned back once (490) at Battle of
  Marathon
• 10,000 Greeks threw Persia back to the sea
• Persian King Xerxes mounted attacks in 480.
• Battle of Thermoplylae and Salamis

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Golden Age of Greece

• Delian League of Greek city-states established
  and dominated by Athens - 478 BC.
• Athens becomes a great maritime empire.
• Pericles leads Athens into Golden Age.
• Democratic government by wealthy merchants.
• Naval power allowed maritime commerce to expand.
• Peloponnesian Wars - 431-404 BC.
• Athens challenged by continental power Sparta.
• Navy built to challenge Athens control of the
  sea.
• Athens surrenders to Sparta - 404 BC.

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Alexander the Great

• King Philip of Macedon
• Conquers most of Greece by 338 BC.
• Philips son Alexander conquers the Persian
  Empire and forms a vast Greek empire.
• Secures Phoenician cities on the coast in order
  to neutralize Persian naval power.
• Siege of Tyre
• Control of sea lines of communication allows
  control of eastern Mediterranean Sea.
• Alexanders Empire
• Divided upon his death in 323 BC.

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Punic Wars (264-201 B.C.)

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Roman Navy

• Remained second to Roman Army, but
• Enabled Roman empire to expand east to the
  Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf.
• Cleared the Mediterranean Sea of pirates.
• Adapted Roman Armys missile tactics use of
  catapults to hurl stones, javelins, and
  combustible projectiles.

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Roman Civil Wars- Battle of Actium (31 B.C.)
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The Players and the Action

• Roman Empire divided between East and West.
• Germanic barbarian invasions of the West.
• Byzantine Empire continues in the East.
• Crusades (1095)
• Last 2 centuries
• Crusaders are transported by merchant ships from
  Italian city-states, few naval battles.

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The Players and the Action

• Vikings - Invasions of Europe from Scandinavia -
  900s.
• Norman Invasion of England - Battle of Hastings
  1066
• Early Venice (1200s)
• Republican and Imperial Venice (1300s-mid 1400s)

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Ottoman Empire

• Challenges Venetian control of the Mediterranean
  Sea.

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From the Med to the Atlantic

• Implications for Sea Power
• Spain become formidable
• Christians states continue inner rivalry for
  Mediterranean
• Christians states unite to fight against the
  Ottoman Turkey
• Culmination Battle of Lepanto (5 October 1571)

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Battle of Lepanto - 1571

• Last battle of the Age of Galleys.
• Combined Christian fleet defeats Ottoman Turks.
• Use of cannon mounted on front of galleys to
  supplement naval infantry.
• Ottoman Empires domination of Mediterranean
  ends.
• Barbary system remains in North Africa.
• European powers forced to pay tribute for safe
  passage.

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Transitions

• Battle of Lepanto last galley battle
• Shift from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic
• Spain and Portugal
• New Naval Ships
• Galleon
• Age of Mediterranean preeminence in European sea
  power OVER

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Next Class

• Oceanic Sea Power and the Emergence of European
  Nation States
• Read Seapower Ch 2