Atmospheric aerosols in Sao Paulo, Mexico City and Santiago de Chile: Optical Properties, Remote sen

1
Atmospheric aerosols in Sao Paulo, Mexico City
and Santiago de Chile Optical Properties, Remote
sensing and Sources
First GURME Air Quality Forecasting Workshop for
Latin American project, Santiago, Chile, 13-16
October, 2003

• Paulo Artaxo, Andrea D. A. Castanho and Carlos
  Pires JuniorLaboratory of Atmospheric Physics,
  University of São Paulo, Brazil.
  artaxo_at_if.usp.br

2
Health Effects of air pollution in Mexico, São
Paulo, Santiago and New York
3
The São Paulo Metropolitan Area
Question Can we do urban air pollution by
satellites?
4
The São Paulo Metropolitan Area
Climate Dry winters, rainy summers Frequent
thermal inversions at very low altitudes with
high subsidence
Geography Lat 23o 32S Lon46o38O Altitude 860 m
Peaks with 1.200 m altitudes surrounding the
city Population 16,3 millions inhabitants
Industry Most developed region in Latin
America Represents 18 of the Brazilian production
Vehicles About 6 millions vehicles with high
emission factors. Old buses, many diesel trucks
5
Estimates of emissions from the main air
pollution sources in São Paulo, 2002
1 - Gasolina C gasolina contendo 22 de álcool
anidro e 700ppm de enxofre (massa) 2 - Diesel
tipo metropolitano com 1100ppm de enxofre (massa)
3 - Emissão composta para o ar (partículas) e
para o solo (impregnação) 4 - MP refere-se ao
total de material particulado, sendo que as
partículas inaláveis são uma fração deste total 5
- Ano de consolidação do inventário 1990 6 - Ano
de consolidação do inventário 1998 7 - Estas
indústrias fazem parte da curva A e B que
representam mais de 90 das emissões totais CO
monóxido de carbono HC hidrocarbonetos totais
NOX óxidos de nitrogênio SOX óxidos de enxofre
MP material particulado
6
São Paulo 2002Relative pollutant emissions for
each source type CETESB
NOx
PM10
CO
HC
SO2
Light vehicles
Industry
Heavy vehicles
Ressuspension
Secondary aerosols
7
(No Transcript)
8
Wintertime Fine and Coarse Mode aerosol 1997
9
PM10 diurnal cycle in São Paulo
10
Diurnal Cycle of Black carbon - Winter 1997
11
Ratio of Back to Organic Carbon São Paulo
Winter 1997
12
Diurnal Cycle of BC/PM10 and OC/PM10 São Paulo -
Winter 1997
13
Diurnal Cycle of CO, NOx, SO2 and PM10 wintertime
São Paulo
CO
NOx
SO2
PM10
14
Summer and wintertime São Paulo fine mode aerosol
composition
15
Summer and wintertime São Paulo coarse mode
aerosol composition
16
Fine mode aerosol source apportionment in São
Paulo
17
Coarse mode aerosol source apportionment in São
Paulo
18
Source Profile for soil dust in São Paulo and
Santiago PM10
19
Source Profile for vehicular emissions in São
Paulo and Santiago
20
Aerosol size distribution Santiago Pudahuel 2003
21
(No Transcript)
22
(No Transcript)
23
(No Transcript)
24
Aerosol Optical Thicknesss I l Io l exp
t.AM
t taerosol trayleigh tozone CIMEL
Iol
t
taerosol
Aerosol Layer
tRayleigh tOzone
I l
25
AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork)
200 sites 2003
Several wavelenghts 340, 440, 500, 675, 870, 936
26
(No Transcript)
27
(No Transcript)
28
(No Transcript)
29
(No Transcript)
30
Biomass Burning coves millions of km2
Figure from Saulo Freitas and Karla Longo
31
Figure from Saulo Freitas and Karla Longo
32
(No Transcript)
33
(No Transcript)
34
(No Transcript)
35
(No Transcript)
36
(No Transcript)
37
(No Transcript)
38
(No Transcript)
39
MODIS Images of South America
40
Low aerosol distribution situation
41
Aerosols acumulating in Bolivia, Paraguay,
Argentina and Brazil
42
AOT 550 nm Dia 02 220- ilustrativo
43
Low Troposphere and Long Distance Transport of
PM2.5 and CO Andes Low Level Jets
44
Suppression of low cloud formation by aerosols in
Amazonia
Cloud fraction as function of aerosol optical
depth (OD). The cloud fraction decreases almost
linearly with increasing OD. The red and blue
curves denote the average of east and west areas,
respectively. On average, the cloud fraction
decreases to less than 1/8 of the cloud fraction
in clean conditions when OD 1. The shaded area
represents the relative area covered by the
respective OD, with the integral of this curve
equal to one, representing the total Amazon
basin. (from Ilya and Kaufman, 2003)
45
INDOEXaverage aerosol forcing clear sky
AmazoniaAverage aerosol forcing clear sky
Top - 71 w/m²
Top - 10 w/m²
Atmosphere 162 w/m²
Atmosphere 28 w/m²
Surface - 232 w/m²
Surface - 38 w/m²
Conditions surface ocean AOT (?0.3 at 630 nm)
24 hour averageJan-Mar 99
Conditions surface forest vegetation AOT
(?0.95 at 500nm) 24 hour average7 years
(93-95, 99-02 dry season Aug-Oct)
46
Aerosol Radiative Effects on the Atmosphere
Source Saulo Freitas and Karla Longo
47
Aerosol Particles Radiative Effects on the
Surface Temperature Aug 25 2002 1600Z
Source Saulo Freitas and Karla Longo
48
Some key points

• The use of combined ground based, remote sensing
  from space andsun-photometers is a new very
  powerful tool.
• Aerosol products with MODIS with 1km resolution
  is a reality, and MISRwith 250 meters will be
  available very soon.
• Ozone, formaldehyde and CO are already feasible
  with some effort andcompromises.
• Impact of aerosols on the hydrological cycle and
  in the radiation budget is
• very poorly understood and more effort is
  critical in this area.
• High resolution mesoscale models are mature
  technology, that can be run
• in inexpensive Linux clusters in real time.
• A coherent and integrated approach for Latin
  American air pollution studies
• is feasible with low resources.