STUDY

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STUDY on Child Well-being and Equity in
India UNICEF India Country Office, with
research support from the Institute of Human
Development August 2008
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Contents

• Progress of the report
• Data and definition used
• Major findings
• National Sample Survey
• National Health and Family Survey
• Challenges and Expectation

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Progress of the report

• First phase Data calculations and policy
  documentation near complete
• Second phase Data analysis and report writing is
  in progress
• Templates Reorganized as per data availability
  (definitions as appropriate for the country)
• Additional inputs
• Not only India country level, but also state
  level analysis
• In addition to children household level analysis
• Also differentiation between households with
  children and without children

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Progress of the report
Major findings on most data variables completed
NFHS-Six deprivations done with
correlates NSS and Census related indicators
also complete Work to be done Time trends-
over time analysis NFHS-II NSS and census data,
one earlier rounds
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Data and definitions used for the study
Major Sources National Health and Family
Survey, III (2005-06) National Sample Survey,
61st Round (2004-05) Population Census data,
2001 Definitions Income poverty (head count
ratio) National Poverty Line as defined by
planning commission, Government of India Under 50
percent median income
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Major Findings
In India children under 18 constitute 40 423
million in 2001 While overall poverty declining
from 26 in 2000 to 22 in 2005, Children below
poverty line amount to 27 per cent of all
children Household with children record high
incidence of poverty (25 ) than household
without children (6 ) in 2005 Across
traditionally disadvantage groups, the proportion
of BPL households is relatively higher among
those containing children Schedule Tribes- BPL
household with children 42 , while household
without children under poverty are 13 Schedule
Caste- BPL household with children 33, while
household without children under poverty are
10 Among children, highest level of poverty is
recorded among tribal children , 44 in 2005
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Major Findings
Literacy among children gradually increasing from
75 in 2000 to 81 in 2005 While enrolment
rising, dropouts still a worry, out of school
children in 2005 are 23 Working children (age
group 5-14) constitute 3 (11 millions) in 2005
Female household heads have relatively higher
poverty levels in 2005 As expected, educational
level have a negative relationship with
poverty-proportion of children under poverty
decline with higher educational level of the
household head Larger the household size, higher
the poverty level, except for the group of
households with less than 3 members. There are
4.2 of Indian households with at least one child
under 15 working and the extent of poverty
affecting such household is around 38 Although
the proportion of households with children having
no adult in primary working age (18-54) is quite
small- 2, the extent of poverty among such
households is quite steep at 36
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Shelter deprived correlates  (a) Larger the size
of the household, higher the proportion of
shelter deprivation faced. Among children (0-17),
90 per cent of the deprived belong to the 5 or
more group. (b) About 50 percent of
shelter-deprived households have itlleterate
head. (c) High proportion of shelter-deprived
household/child is belonging to the male-headed
households. However the distribution pattern for
non-deprived households is the same as it is for
deprived households. (d) More than three fourth
of shelter deprived households in rural areas
belonged to lowest two wealth quintiles. About 66
percent of households in lower wealth quintiles
are shelter deprived whereas only 9 per cent of
households from highest wealth quintile are
shelter deprived. The shelter deprived child
follow the same pattern as in the case of
Households cont
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(e) About one third of total shelter deprived
household and children belong to SC/ST
category (f) Dependency ratio has a significance
influence on shelter deprivation
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(a) About 55 percent of sanitation deprived
households have a large family size (gt4) (b)
About 83 percent of total sanitation deprived
child population are belonging to family size
greater than 4. (c) About 50 per cent of
sanitation deprived households/child are those
whose household head has no education. (d) Unlike
the shelter deprived households case of a large
segment of total sanitation deprived households
belong to male headed households.
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(f) An interesting result is that of the total
households in the lowest wealth quintiles about
96 per cent are sanitation deprived whereas of
the total households in the highest wealth
quintile only 2 per cent are sanitation deprived
(g) Among the total SC, ST, OBC households
respectively 83, 89 and 80 per cent of respective
households are sanitation deprived in rural
areas. The respective child percentage for these
three social categories are 86, 90 and 84. (h) 60
percent of sanitation deprived child do not have
birth registration.
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(a) While 50 of the household who are water
deprived have a larger family size , the number
of children in such hhs are far higher-more than
30 percent point (b) Of the total water deprived
child population about 50 percent of child
belongs to the household whose head has no
education. Almost half water deprived households
are there whose head of household had no
education. (d) About 44 per cent of total water
deprived households in rural areas belonged to
lowest wealth quintiles where as only 2 per cent
are from highest wealth quintiles. On the other
hand about 46 per cent of total water deprived
child population in rural areas belonged to
lowest wealth quintiles. The first and second
wealth quintiles constitute about 73 per cent of
total child population. (e) Of the total water
deprived households in rural areas about 58 per
cent are found to have access to land.
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(a) Of the total information deprived child
population about 81 per cent child are having
large family size (gt4) (b) Of the information
deprived child population about 56 per cent are
having households whose head of the family has no
education. Same trend found in case of
households. (c) Of the total information deprived
households in rural areas about 65 per cnet of
female headed and 55 per cent of male headed
households information deprived to their
respective figure. About same trend found for
information deprived child population. (d) Near
to three fourth of total information deprived
households and information deprived child
population belonged to lowest two wealth
quintiles. (e) Three fourth of total information
deprived household and child population are
belonged to households having high dependency
ratio.
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Note All food deprived indicates those children
who are stunted, wasted and underweight at the
same time
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(a) About 80 per cent of health deprived child
belongs to households having a large family size
(five or more). (b) About 37 per cent of health
deprived child population belonged to lowest
wealth quintiles where as only 3 per cent of
total child population belonged to highest wealth
quintile. (c) More than 90 per cent of food
deprived child belonged to those households in
which any members have a health insurance. (d)
One fourth of all four deprived children are
affected by all forms of deprivation, stunting,
wasting and underweright group requiring
immediate intervention and urgent action
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Note Taking all emunization, direahea and
acute respratory diseases Taking only
emunization i.e. three doses of polio, 3 DPT and
meseale
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Issues Regarding Analysis   Combining Different
Deprivation Different deprivation pertains to
different age group, hence combining them may not
always be feasible For example   Food
Deprivation Age group 0-5 Education deprivation
6-14 years Health Deprivation Age group 1-2
years Information deprivation 3-17 years Water
Deprivation 0-17 years Shelter Deprivation 0-17
years
Exclusive Group
Exclusive Group
Any two deprivation can found out