CAPTREVIEW

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CAPT REVIEW
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WHAT ARE THE BIG IDEAS IN EARTH/PHYSICAL SCIENCE?

• Matter
• Energy
• How they interact
• How do we use them?

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HOW DO WE OBSERVE MATTER?

• Senses
• Tools

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WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PHYSICAL CHANGE and
a CHEMICAL CHANGE?

• Physical Change is the same substance
• Chemical Change new substance (compound)

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WHAT MAKES UP MATTER?

• Molecules, atoms, elements, mixtures, etc

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PUT THESE IN ORDER OF SIZE Cell atom molecul
e grain of sand

• Atoms make up molecules which are in cells which
  are smaller than a grain of sand

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WHAT'S AN ATOM?

• Smallest part of an element that is still an
  element.

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WHERE DID YOUR ATOMS COME FROM?

• The atom of oxygen inside the molecules of water
  in the cells in your body.
• have been traveling around the earth since it
  was formed

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Does anything ever go away?

• No!, just recycled around and around

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Where do we get our resources?

• We use minerals, metals, compounds from the
  ground (mostly).
• We change/refine them.
• Everything we use is a chemical.

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Where does our waste go?

• Some items get decomposed.
• Some items get burned, atoms in the air.
• Some items get dumped, landfills forever.

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WHAT MAKES UP AN ATOM?

• Protons and neutrons in the center (nucleus)
• Electrons orbiting around

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HOW ARE ELEMENTS DIFFERENT?

• Elements. Different number of protons

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HOW IS THE PERIODIC TABLE PERIODIC?

• Arranged by similar properties that repeat.
• Elements in the same columns (groups) are alike,
  because the same number of outside electrons

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WHAT'S A COMPOUND?

• 2 or more atoms joined together.
• Like H2O, water (di hydrogen monoxide), or O2
  (oxygen gas)

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WHY DO ATOMS JOIN?

• Atoms join to exchange or share outer electrons

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RULE OF EIGHT

• Lose an electron is POSITIVE (metals) Gain an
  electron is NEGATIVE (non metals)
• OPPOSITES ATTRACT Form Compounds IONIC (Give/Get)

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COVALENT (Share)

• Organic compounds, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
  share outer electrons.

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Whats the structure of plastic?

• Chains of Sharing carbons

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What are plastics used for?

• Come from petroleum, used for strength,
  flexibility, lightness.
• Tough to decompose!

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WHAT'S A CHEMICAL EQUATION MEAN?

• Combining elements and compounds, rearranging
  their electrons to make a new substance.

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State this in wordsHCl NaOH --- H2O NaCl

• Acid Base make Water and a Salt
• Same number of atoms on left as right.

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WHAT ARE THE STATES (PHASES) OF MATTER?

• SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, GASES

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What are the differences in the phases?

• Gases like preschoolers in a gym!
• Liquids like middleschoolers at a dance!
• Solids like elderly at a Bingo dinner!

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HOW DO THEY CHANGE FROM ONE TO THE OTHER?

• Solid -- Liquid -- Gas Take In heat to break
  bonds
• Gas -- Liquid -- Solid Give Off heat to form
  bonds (you could say take in cold)

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WHAT's THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEAT AND
TEMPERATURE?

• Temperature is the AVERAGE movement energy of
  each molecule.
• Heat is the TOTAL energy transferred.
• Campfire and Wood Match, same temperature,
  different heat

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WHAT ARE THE WAYS IN WHICH HEAT CAN BE
TRANSFERRED?

• Conduction molecules touch like dominos
• Convection hot molecules spread apart from each
  other and rise, or cool and fall.
• Radiation Light/Heat travel to move molecules

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WHAT HAPPENS TO THE TEMPERATURE OF ICE AS IT
MELTS?

• It stays the same ( 0 C ) while melting it
  takes in heat from the air to break the bonds NOT
  to make molecules move faster

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WHY DO YOU FEEL HOTTER ON A HUMID DAY?

• You cool yourself by sweat evaporating (Liquid to
  Gas) and taking in heat from
• Your skin!
• If the sweat cant evaporate (air is full) you
  stay HOT!

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WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF ENERGY?

• Types NOT sources
• Heat (movement of molecules)
• Kinetic (movement)
• Chemical (electrons)
• Light/Radiation
• Electrical
• Nuclear
• And each kind can have POTENTIAL

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HOW CAN ENERGY BE TRANSFORMED FROM ONE KIND TO
ANOTHER?

• Devices/Things change energy from one kind to
  another

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What are the energy transformations for a TOASTER?

• Coal is burned at plant (chemical)
• Heats up water (heat) to make steam
• Steam turns a turbine (mechanical), which turns
  wire near a magnet
• Makes electricity, travels to your house
• Toaster changes electricity to heat.

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WHAT IS ELECTRICITY?

• Electrons moving (pushing) each other

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WHAT CAUSES STATIC ELECTRICITY?

• Extra electrons on the surface

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WHAT CAUSES CURRENT ELECTRICITY?

• Electrons moving
• Completing a circuit

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WHAT'S A CIRCUIT?

• A complete electrical path
• Has a source (battery) to push the electrons
  (voltage)
• Has a conductor (wire) (current)
• Has resistance (light bulb)

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HOW DO THEY GENERATE ELECTRICITY?

• Move a magnet near a wire
• (or a wire near a magnet).
• Generator is the opposite of a Motor

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WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY?

• RENEWABLE, NON RENEWABLE
• Most are Generating HEAT to make steam turn the
  turbine/wire/magnet
• Nuclear (using heat from fission)
• Burning Fuels Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Wood,
  Ethanol, etc..
• Wind, Water turn the turbine directly
• Solar causes photochemical reaction

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HOW DOES CARBON CYCLE THROUGH THE EARTH?

• Normally Carbon from Animals to Air To Plants,
  to Ground to Animals.
• Burning Fossil Fuels or Plants causes more carbon
  to be added

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WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS DUE TO BURNING FOSSIL
FUELS?(releasing carbon)

• Non Renewable Resource
• Pollution
• Acid Rain
• Global Warming (Carbon Dioxide in the air traps
  in heat)

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WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GLOBAL WARMING,
OZONE DEPLETION, AND ACID RAIN?

• Ozone Depletion NOT caused by burning fuels, by
  CFCs combining with ozone which protects us from
  cancer causing UV rays

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Global Watming

• Global Warming caused by CO2 from burning ,
  water, and methane from rice/cows,
• temperature of earth rises

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What are the effects?

• Rise in temperature
• Unstable climate (wet places wetter, dry places
  dryer)
• Rise in sea level

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How is acid rain caused?

• Something burns (combines with oxygen). Like
  Sulfur to make SO3
• Goes into air, combines with water SO3 and H2O
  make H2SO4, an acid!
• Comes down in the rain
• Acid Rain caused by burning fuels.

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What are the effects of acid rain?

• Acid rain reacts with the metals and nutrients
  (limestone, magnesium, etc..)
• Causes damage, hurts plants, fish, etc..

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Last Hints..

• Think what you already know!
• Draw diagrams!
• Write so it makes sense!
• Do well!