Earthquake Engineering Research Institute

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Shakes and Quakes An Engineer's View Part 1

• Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
• University of Notre Dame

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Structural Engineering
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Where do Earthquakes Occur?
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Previous Earthquakes
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Structure of the Earth
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Continents Move!
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San Andreas Fault California
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How do Earthquakes Occur?
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FAULTS in the Earth's Crust
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FAULTS RUPTURE
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What do Earthquakes Cause?
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SEISMIC WAVES
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Types of Seismic Waves
BODY WAVES
SURFACE WAVES
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Are We in Danger?
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Who is in Danger?
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US Risk Map Earthquakes
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How can we protect the lives of those in danger?

• We must design buildings that can survive
  earthquakes!

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What are buildings made of?
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Bricks, Stones and Mortar
MASONRY BUILDINGS
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Masonry Building Challenge

• Companies consisting of 3 or 4 partners
• Company name
• Need teamwork and planning
• Partner tasks
• Building owner
• Architect
• Engineer
• Builder

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Lego Rules

• Use LEGO blocks to make masonry buildings
• Base must be no bigger than 4 by 8 Lego dots
• Must be at least 30 stories high

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What goes into designing our building?

• Owner pays for the building
• wants to make money
• must have lots of rooms, especially rooms with
  windows, and be very tall

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What goes into designing our building?

• Architect designs the building to meet the
  owners needs and to be beautiful

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What makes a beautiful building?
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What goes into designing our building?

• Engineers help to design the building to make
  sure it does not collapse under the forces of
  nature

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Hints Ground Floors Should Be Sturdy
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Hints Avoid the weak links!
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Hints Dont be top heavy!
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Construction

• The builder is responsible for constructing the
  building based on the final design.
• Hint Be sure the blocks are firmly pressed
  togetherconnections are important!

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Example Buildings
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What kind of buildings are made of masonry?Are
all the worlds buildings made of masonry?
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History of the Skyscraper

• Ancient structures were masonry designs in which
  the strength comes from brick walls
• Towers like the Washington Monument (1884) could
  reach 555 feet
• Human Pyramid Too heavy!

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History of the Skyscraper

• Important inventions at the end of the 1900s
• Steel!
• Electricity
• ELEVATORS!
• 1st skyscraper used a steel skeleton (frame)
  instead of brick walls Reliance Building (1891)
  in Chicago

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History of the Skyscraper

• Todays skyscrapers have skeletons made of
  steel which carries all the weight
• This had allowed us to to build exciting
  structures and allowed us to reach new heights

Trans America Building San Francisco (1972) 853 ft
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What does a steel frame building look like?
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Beams
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Columns
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Frame
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Skin, glass (cladding)
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How Do We Build Them?
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Can You Recognize Skyscrapers?
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Where are These Frame Structures?
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The World's Tallest Buildings
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K'nex Building Challenge

• Only two teams
• Represents steel frame structures
• Create a beautiful, landmark structure
• Maximize rent by having more stories and larger
  useable space to make the owner happy

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K'nex Rules

• Base must be no bigger than 15x30 cm (1 red x 2
  red)
• Must be able to connect to a Knex board
• Must be at least 2 m high
• The height of a useable floor is at least 7.5 cm
  (blue)

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Do masonry and steel frame buildings behave
differently under earthquakes?
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What happens to masonry in an earthquake?
THEY BREAK!!
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And They Break Badly
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Steel Buildings Dance!

• These building skeletons are flexible, they can
  bend!

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Shake Off!
Lego Building
Controller
Shake Table
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Testing Day

• 3 minute company presentations
• Awards will be presented!
• Final project report from each company
• Good Luck!

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National Science Foundation Scientists and
Engineers in the Schools Program