Topic 4 Transportation Modes

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Topic 4 Transportation Modes

• A Diversity of Modes
• Intermodal Transportation
• Passengers or Freight?

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5. Air Transport

• Context
• Air routes are practically unlimited, but several
  concentrations
• North Atlantic.
• Inside North America and Europe.
• Over the North Pacific.
• Inside Asia.
• Multidimensional constraints
• Site (a commercial plane needs about 3,300 meters
  of track for landing and take off).
• Climate, fog and aerial currents.
• Air activities
• Linked to the tertiary and quaternary sectors
• Finance and tourism that require movements of
  people.
• Accommodating growing quantities of high value
  freight.

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5. Air Transport

• Air Space
• Segment of the atmosphere that is under the
  jurisdiction of a nation or under an
  international agreement for its use.
• Two major components
• Land-based takeoffs and landings.
• Air-based composed of air corridors.
• Air corridors can superimpose themselves to
  altitudes up to 22,500 meters.
• Limited to the use of predetermined corridors.
• Air space use
• Air space exclusively belongs to the country
  under it.
• Access to the land and air-based components is
  dependent on agreements between nations and
  airline companies.
• Air freedom rights.

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Air Freedom Rights
First
Second
Third
Home
Country B
Country A
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Seventh
Eight
Ninth
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5. Air Transport

• Short historical overview
• 1914 First paid passenger between Tampa and St.
  Petersburg (Airfare of 10 200 in todays
  money).
• 1919 first commercial international air
  transport service between England and France.
• Airmail services were very important in the
  initial years as a source of income (e.g. US air
  postal routes).
• 1941 80 of all commercial aircraft in the US
  were DC-3s.
• 1956 Threshold year as more passengers were
  carried by air than by long distance (sleeper)
  rail.

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US Post Office Airmail Routes, 1921
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Selected Transcontinental DC-3 Routes, Late 1930s
8
Early Intercontinental Air Routes, 1930s
Eyeries
London
Amsterdam
Paris
Brindisi
Botwood
Toulouse
Dayr az Zawr
Athens
Lisbon
Baghdad
Marseilles
New York
Basra
Azores
Alicante
Gwadar
Karachi
Jodhpur
Tangier
Jask
Allahabad
Alexandria
Gaza
Calcutta
Casablanca
Cairo
Akyab
Agadir
Rangoon
Kuwait
Wadi Halfa
Bangkok
Sharjah
Khartoum
Dakar
Alor Setar
Juba
Singapore
Nairobi
Medan
Waingapu
Mbeya
Darwin
Natal
Palembang
Jakarta
Harare
Surabaya
Kupang
Katherine
Brisbane
Johannesburg
Mount Isa
Rio de Janeiro
Longreach
Santiago
Charleville
Cape Town
Imperial Airways African Route (c1933)
Sydney
Buenos Aires
Imperial Airways/Quantas Australian Route (c1934)
Aeropostale (1930)
KLM Amsterdam Jakarta (1935)
Punta Arenas
Pan American Transatlantic Route (1939)
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Shortest Air Route between London and Sydney,
1955 - 2006
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5. Air Transport

• Development of air transportation after WWII
• Technical improvements
• Jet engine considerably reduced distances (1958
  Boeing 707).
• Greater speeds and improved ranges.
• Almost every part of the world can be serviced in
  less than 24 hours.
• Rising affluence
• Linked with income and economic output growth.
• Disposable income available for leisure.
• International tourism and air transportation are
  mutually interdependent.
• Globalization
• Trade networks established by multinational
  corporations.
• 4 measured by weight but more than 40 by value.

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Main Commercial Passenger Aircraft, 1935-2008
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Flight Times by Piston and Jet Engines from
Chicago
Piston Engine
10 hours
15 hours
20 hours
24 hours
40 hours
30 hours
Jet Engine
20 hours
15 hours
10 hours
24 hours
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Trend in Aircraft Fuel Efficiency (Fuel burned
per Seat)
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Average Airfare (roundtrip) between New York and
London, 1946-2004 (in 2004 dollars)
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New York / Hong Kong Air Routes Conventional and
Polar
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Selected Ultra-Long-Range Nonstop Airline Routes
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5. Air Transport

• Airline companies
• Highly capital intensive segment of transport
  services.
• Labor intensive, with limited room to lessen
  those labor requirements.
• Around 900 airlines operating 11,600 commercial
  aircrafts.
• Average number of 200 seats per plane.
• Dominant share of the traffic is assumed by large
  passengers and freight carriers.
• Strategic alliances
• Joint booking systems, exchange of shares, and a
  reorganization of their services in order to
  minimize redundancy.
• Increased market dominance but also increased
  competition between major markets.

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World Air Travel and World Air Freight Carried,
1950-2004
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Largest Airline Companies by Revenue, 2005 (in
millions)
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Operating Expenses of the Airline Industry, 2004
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Market Share of World Airline Traffic, 2005
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Strategies of Low-Cost Carriers
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Selected Low-Cost Carriers
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5. Air Transport

• Flows
• Massive
• 1.4 billion passengers traveled by air transport
  (2000) 23 of the global population.
• 2.8 billion departures and arrivals supported by
  airports.
• 900,000 people were airborne on scheduled flights
  somewhere in the world at any one time.
• Air traffic is globally highly imbalanced
• Distribution of the population.
• Unequal levels of development.
• Concentration of traffic in a limited number of
  hubs.
• 80 of the global population lives in the
  Northern Hemisphere
• Air traffic is much denser north of the equator.
• North America and Europe accounted for 70.4 of
  all passenger movements in 2000.

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Major Air Traffic Flows Between Regions, 2000 (
of IATA Scheduled Passengers)
North America
3.9
Europe
23.2
1.7
35.5
1.7
1.9
15.9
1.3
1.8
1.5
Asia
Central America
Middle East
1.3
1.1
1.7
South America
Africa
Southwest Pacific
3.2
2.6
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B Intermodal Transportation

• 1. Intermodalism
• 2. Containerization
• 3. Modal Choice and Intermodal Transport Costs

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1. Intermodalism

• Integrated transport systems
• Integration implies more than connections.
• Use of at least two different modes in a trip
  from origin to destination through an intermodal
  transport chain.
• Brought about in part by technology.
• Techniques for transferring freight from one mode
  to another have facilitated intermodal transfers.
• The container has been the major development
• Becoming a privileged mode of shipping for rail
  and maritime transportation.

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Intermodal Transport Chain
Interchange
Connection
Composition
Decomposition
Local / Regional Distribution
National / International Distribution
Transport Terminal
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World Container Traffic, 1980-2005
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Multimodal and Intermodal Transportation
Multimodal Point-to-Point Network
Intermodal Integrated Network
C
C
A
A
B
B
Transshipment
Rail
Road
D
D
Transshipment
F
F
E
E
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Intermodal Transportation Cost Function
C(T)
Decomposition
C(dc)
Local / Regional Distribution Cost
National / International Distribution Cost
C(cn)
Connection
Costs
C(I)
Interchange
Connection
C(cn)
Composition
C(cp)
Origin
Destination
Transshipment
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Cumulative Cost and Time of Moving a 40 Foot
Container between the American East Coast and
Western Europe
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2. Containerization

• Container
• Load unit that can be used by several transport
  modes.
• Usable by maritime, railway and road modes.
• Foremost expression on intermodal transportation.
• Rectangular shape that can easily be handled.
• Reference size is the Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit
  (TEU).
• The most common container is the 40 footer (12
  meters)

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Carrying Capacity of Containers (in cubic feet)
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Advantages of Containerization
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Six Generations of Containerships
TEU
Length
Draft
135 m
500
Converted Cargo Vessel
First (1956-1970)
Converted Tanker
200 m
800
Second(1970-1980)
1,000 2,500
10 m 33 ft
Cellular Containership
215 m
250 m
3,000
Third(1980-1988)
11-12 m 36-40 ft
Panamax Class
290 m
4,000
Post Panamax
275 305 m
4,000 5,000
11-13 m 36-43 ft
Fourth(1988-2000)
Post Panamax Plus
Fifth(2000-2005)
13-14 m 43-46 ft
5,000 8,000
335 m
New Panamax
Sixth(2006-)
15.5 m 50 ft
11,000 14,500
397 m
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The Largest Available Containership, 1970-2007
(in TEUs)
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Stacked 40-Foot Containers, Port of Yantian, China
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20-Foot Container on Truck
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40-Foot Containers Doublestacked on a Rail Car
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20-Foot Tank Containers
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40 Reefer
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The Ultimate Kegger
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Reuse of a Discarded Container (South Africa)
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Characteristics of Some Historical Containerships
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Challenges of Containerization
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3. Modal Choice and Intermodal Transport Costs

• Modal choice
• Relationship between transport costs, distance
  and modal choice
• Road transport is usually used for short
  distances (from 500 to 750 km).
• Railway transport for average distances.
• Maritime transport for long distances (about 750
  km).
• Intermodalism
• The opportunity to combine modes.
• Find a less costly alternative than an unimodal
  solution.
• Efficiency of contemporary transport systems
• Capacity to route freight.
• Capacity to transship it.