History of Toxicology

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History of Toxicology

• Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of
  xenobiotics
• Traditionally, xenobiotics are chemicals
  administered or to which exposure has occurred
  without purposeful intent.
• It is a borrowing science that has evolved from
  ancient poisoners

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Antiquity

• Earliest times
• Ebers Papyrus
• Hemlock
• Aconite
• Socrates
• Mithrodates
• Hippocrates et alia

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Middle Ages

• Maimonides
• Agua Toffana
• Lucretia Borgia and friends
• Catherine de Medici
• Catherine Deshayes or La Voisine
• (not Visine)

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Age of Enlightenment

• Philippus Aureolus Thephratus Bombastus von
  Hohenheim - Paracelsus
• And what did the dude say
• Agricola
• Bernardo Ramazzini
• Percival Pott
• Orfila et alia

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Experimental Toxicology and Physiology

• Magendie
• Brenard
• Schmeideberg
• Lewin

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Modern Toxicology

• Late 19th and 20th Century
• Begins the chemical age
• Oil is discovered and gas is used for
  illumination. Later gas is used as a vehicular
  fuel.
• Viscose Rayon (wood pulp and CS)
• Tetraethyl Lead

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Elixir of Sulfanilamide

• Sulfanilamide is insoluble in water
• It is soluble in ethanol
• Ethanol costs money
• Ethylene glycol is cheap
• Sulfanilamide dissolves in ethylene glycol
• Ergo

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A Breed apart

• Woem In Toxicology and Environmental Health
• Alice Hamilton
• Anna Baetjer
• Harriet Hardy
• Others ?

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After World War II

• Arnold Lehman
• You too can be a toxicologist in two easy
  lessons, each one taking ten years.
• Garth Fitzhugh
• EMK Geiling
• Kenneth BuBois
• Sheldon Murphy

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The Rochester Group

• Warren
• Lou and George Casarett
• Stockinger
• Hodge
• Laskin

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NYU

• Tony Lanza
• Occupation Medicine and Insurance
• Norton Nelson
• Institute of Environmental Medicine
• Roy Albert
• Sid Laskin
• Ed Palmes
• Ben Van Duuren
• Mort Lippman
• Merril Eisenbud
• Arthur Upton
• Max Costa

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Who will be famous in our day?

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