Western Electric, models 299 and 323, from 1915 to the 1920s

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Western Electric, models 299 and 323, from 1915
to the 1920s
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1915 single-button mic
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1920 Western Electric 387
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1921-1931 WE 1B
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1925 WE 1B
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Neumann "bottle" condenser mic 1928
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1931 RCA 44A
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1939 Western Electric 639A
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This small condenser mic is a Philips 9561
developed in 1940
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1949 Neumann U47
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Neumann M49 condenser mic 1952
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1954 Neumann KM54
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• 1928tel31.mov

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Dynamic Microphone

• Using this electromagnet principle, the dynamic
  microphone uses a wire coil and magnet to create
  the audio signal.
• The diaphragm is attached to the coil.
• When the diaphragm vibrates in response to
  incoming sound waves, the coil moves backwards
  and forwards past the magnet
• This creates a current in the coil which is
  channeled from the microphone along wires

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Dynamic Microphone
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Condenser Microphone

• Condenser means capacitor, an electronic
  component which stores energy in the form of an
  electrostatic field.
• Requires voltage between 9 and 48 volts (Phantom
  Power)
• The resulting audio signal is stronger signal
  than that from a dynamic.
• They are not ideal for high-volume work, as their
  sensitivity makes them prone to distort.

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Condenser Microphone

• A capacitor has two plates with a voltage between
  them. In the condenser mic, one of these plates
  is made of very light material and acts as the
  diaphragm.
• The diaphragm vibrates when struck by sound
  waves, changing the distance between the two
  plates and therefore changing the capacitance
• Specifically, when the plates are closer
  together, capacitance increases and a charge
  current occurs
• When the plates are further apart, capacitance
  decreases and a discharge current occurs.

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Condenser Microphone
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Electret Condenser Microphone

• The electret condenser mic uses a special type of
  capacitor which has a permanent voltage built in
  during manufacture.
• This is somewhat like a permanent magnet, in that
  it doesn't require any external power for
  operation.
• good electret condenser mics usually include a
  pre-amplifier which does still require power.
• Other than this difference, you can think of an
  electret condenser microphone as being the same
  as a normal condenser.
• Still require a built in amplifier (transistor)
• Powered with a battery housed in the casing.

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Ribbon Microphone

• A ribbon microphone is a type of dynamic
  microphone that uses a thin aluminum or
  duraluminum ribbon placed between the poles of a
  magnet to generate voltages by electromagnetic
  induction.
• Principle the air movement associated with the
  sound moves the metallic ribbon in the magnetic
  field, generating an imaging voltage between the
  ends of the ribbon which is proportional to the
  velocity of the ribbon
• Characterized as a "velocity" microphone.

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Ribbon Microphone
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Piezoelectric Microphone

• the ability of some materials to produce a
  voltage when subjected to pressure to convert
  vibrations into an electrical signal.
• often used as contact microphones to amplify
  sound from acoustic musical instruments
• to sense drum hits for triggering electronic
  samples

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Dynamic Microphone

• Advantages
• Relatively cheap
• Rugged.
• Can be easily miniaturized.
• Disadvantages
• The uniformity of response to different
  frequencies does not match that of the ribbon or
  condenser microphones.

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Condenser Microphone

• Advantages
• Best overall frequency response
• Best Transient Response
• Disadvantages
• Expensive
• May pop and crack when miked close
• Requires a battery or external power supply

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Transient Response

• a transient is commonly defined as "an abrupt or
  sudden change in level." We associate transients
  with sharp, harsh sounds Think of cymbal
  crashes, hard-strummed acoustic guitar, and a
  singer's T's and CH's.
• A microphone's ability to accurately capture
  these transients is known as transient response

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Transient Response

• the motion of all diaphragms is governed by the
  laws of physics. Specifically, inertia
• Lighter diaphragms require less energy to move
  than heavier diaphragms. Consequently, lighter
  diaphragms react quicker than heavier diaphragms
  to abrupt changes in sound energy. That is, they
  have a faster transient response.

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Transient Response

• Generally, we find the lightest diaphragms in
  small diaphragm condensers while large diaphragm
  dynamic mics have larger moving-coil diaphragms.
• As such, condenser mics are more responsive to
  transients than dynamic mics.

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Transient Response

• Condenser mics, better represent the transients
  we hear and, as such, yield a more detailed
  sound.
• High frequency sounds tend to produce sharper
  transients, in which smaller diaphragm mics are
  better at capturing nuance.

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Ribbon Microphone

• Advantages
• Adds "warmth" to the tone by accenting lows when
  close-miked.
• Disadvantages
• Accenting lows sometimes produces "boomy" bass
• Very susceptible to wind noise. Not suitable for
  outside use unless very well shielded.

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PZM ( Pressure Zone Microphone )

• PZM is an acronym for Pressure Zone Microphone
• It can also be used to describe a boundary
  microphone in which the mic capsule faces the
  boundary a few thousandths of an inch away. PZM
  is a trademark of Crown International.

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Polar Patterns used in Live Sound
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Cardioid
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Cardioid Polar Pattern
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Supercardioid Polar Pattern
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Omni directional Polar Pattern
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• SHURE SM 58
• Dynamic
• Cardioid
• Vocal

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• SHURE Beta 58a
• Dynamic
• Super Cardioid
• Vocal

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Shure Beta 58a
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• SHURE 87a
• Condenser
• Super Cardioid
• Vocal

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• AKG C5
• Cardioid
• Condenser
• Vocal

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• SENNHEISER e865
• Condenser
• Supercardioid
• Vocal

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• SENNHEISER 835
• Dynamic
• Cardioid
• Vocal

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• AKG 535
• Condenser
• Cardioid
• Bass cut/rolloff filters
• switchable pad
• Vocal
• Instrument

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• AUDIX OM-5
• Dynamic
• Hyper Cardioid
• Vocal

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• Beyer M500
• Dynamic Ribbon
• Hyper Cardioid
• Vocal

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• Shure PG 81
• Condenser
• Cardioid
• Acoustic Guitar
• Cymbals
• Piano
• Strings
• Woodwind

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• AA x 1

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• SHURE SM 57
• Dynamic
• Cardioid
• Vocal
• Instrument
• Guitar
• Drums
• Percussion

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• SHURE BETA 57A
• Dynamic
• Cardiod
• Vocal
• Instrument
• Guitar
• Drums
• Percussion

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Shure Beta 57a
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• AKG C1000
• Condenser
• Cardioid
• Hyper Cardioid
• 9 volt Battery
• Strings
• Overheads
• Speech

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• Sennheiser md 441
• Dynamic
• Super Cardioid
• Vocal
• Horns
• Percussion
• Piano
• Instrument

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• Sennheiser MD 409 U3
• Dynamic
• Cardioid
• Guitar
• Toms
• Horns
• Leslie

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• Sennheiser 609
• Dynamic
• Super Cardiod
• Guitar
• Toms
• Horns Guitar
• Toms
• Horns

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• Sennheiser E906
• Dynamic
• Super Cardioid
• Guitar
• Toms
• Horns Guitar
• Toms
• Horns

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• SHURE SM81
• Condenser
• Cardioid
• Overheads
• Acoustic Guitar
• Violin

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• AKG 411
• Condenser
• Contact Pickup
• Violin
• Guitar
• Mandolin
• Piano

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• EV PL20/RE20
• Dynamic
• Cardioid
• Broadcast Speech
• Kick Drum
• Bass Amp
• Horns

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• Sennheiser 421
• Dynamic
• Cardioid
• Kick
• Toms
• Horns
• Bass Amp

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• SHURE BETA 52
• Dynamic
• Cardiod
• Kick Drum
• Bass Cabinet
• Horns

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Shure Beta 52
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• Beta 91
• Condenser
• PZM
• Kick Drum
• Piano
• Theatre

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• Sennheiser 602
• Dynamic
• Cardioid
• Kick Drum
• Bass Cabinet
• Tuba

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• AKG D112
• Dynamic
• Cardioid
• Kick Drum
• Bass Cabinet

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• AUDIX D2
• Dynamic
• Hyper cardioid
• Kick Drum
• Congas
• Sax
• Woodwind
• Brass

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• AUDIX D4
• Hyper Cardioid
• Kick Drum
• Timpani
• Toms
• Piano
• Sax
• Any other instrument requiring precise low
  frequency reproduction

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• AUDIX D6
• Dynamic
• Cardioid
• Kick Drum
• Any other instrument requiring precise low
  frequency reproduction

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• AKG D4
• Dynamic
• Cardioid
• Drums
• Percussion
• Wind Instrument
• Guitar Cabinets

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• AKG C519
• Condenser
• Cardioid
• Trumpet
• Sax
• Trombone
• Tuba

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• AKG C518
• Condenser
• Cardioid
• Drums
• Percussion

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• SENNHEISER 604
• Dynamic
• Cardioid
• Brass
• Percussion
• Snare
• Congas
• Leslie

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Modular Microphones
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• AKG CK 31
• Condenser
• Cardiod
• Speech

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• AKG CK 32
• Condenser
• Omni directional
• Ambient Pickup

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• AKG CK 33
• Condenser
• Hyper cardiod
• Speech
• Groups of People

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• AKG CK 55L
• Condenser
• Cardioid
• Lavaliere
• Lecturers
• House of worship
• TV
• Video production
• Wireless Compatible

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• AKG CK 77WR
• Condenser
• Omni directional
• Lavaliere
• Lecturers
• House of worship
• TV
• Video production
• Wireless Compatible

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• Shure Microflex MX 183, MX184, MX 185
• Condenser
• 183 Omni directional
• 184 Super Cardioid
• 185 Cardioid
• Lecturers
• House of worship
• TV
• Video production
• Wireless Compatible

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• Shure Microflex
• Condenser
• Cardioid
• Supercardioid
• Omni Directional
• Speech
• Podium Mic

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• AKG HC 577
• Dynamic
• Omni Directional
• Wireless Compatible

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• Shure PG30TQG
• Condenser
• Cardioid
• Wireless Compatible

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• Neumann KU 100
• Condenser
• Binaural
• When listening through high-quality headphones it
  gives the illusion of being right at the scene of
  the acoustic events.
• Acoustic research.

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Direct Box
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Direct Box
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Direct Box