Immigrants and Workers

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Immigrants and Workers
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Industrialization
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1890

• No place with less than 2 people per square mile

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1920

• More people lived in cities than countryside

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• Steel mills
• Rail yards
• Textile mills
• Clothing factories
• Mines
• Farms

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Diversity
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Diversity

• Religious
• Cultural
• National

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Diversity

• Marriage
• Child care
• Women and child labor

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Diversity

• Mobile

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Diversity

• Mobile
• Earnings and employment unstable

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Diversity

• Mobile
• Earnings and employment unstable

• Recessions
• Depressions

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Diversity

• Mobile
• Earnings and employment unstable

• Consumer demand
• Overproduction

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Diversity

• Mobile
• Earnings and employment unstable

• Inclement weather
• Technological displacement

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1849
Irish Potato Famine
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Coffin Ships
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Coffin Ships
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1830s
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1800
5,000 per year
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1830s
600,000 per year
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1840s
1.5 million per year
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1850s
2.8 million per year
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1877-1890
6 million
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1890-1914
18 million
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Prior to 1890s
Western and Northern Europe
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After 1890s
Southern and Eastern Europe
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• Employment
• Language
• Culture
• Housing
• Family values

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Family Strategies
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Family Strategies

• Subordination of individuals for sake of
  collective family

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Family Strategies

• Subordination of individuals for sake of
  collective family
• Key decisions based on good of family, not
  individuals

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Family Strategies

• Subordination of individuals for sake of
  collective family
• Key decisions based on good of family, not
  individuals
• One daughter remained unmarried

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Family Economy
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Family Economy
Decision making product of collective needs
rather than individual preferences
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1882
Family living costs one third higher than
earnings of head of household
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1900
Richest 2 owned 1/3 wealth
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1900
Richest 10 owned 3/4 wealth
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Child labor
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Andrew Carnegie
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Andrew Carnegie
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Horace Greeley
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10.37 family of five
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10.37 family of five

• Shoemaker 4

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10.37 family of five

• Shoemaker 4
• Cabinet maker 5

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10.37 family of five

• Shoemaker 4
• Cabinet maker 5
• Textile worker 6.50 m
• 3.50 f

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10.37 family of five

• Shoemaker 4
• Cabinet maker 5
• Textile worker 6.50 m
• 3.50 f

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10.37 family of five

• Shoemaker 4
• Cabinet maker 5
• Textile worker 6.50 m
• 3.50 f
• Unskilled 1

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• Children too young to work

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• Children too young to work
• Later in life

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Ethnic Diversity
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Ethnic Diversity

• Higher birthrates

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Ethnic Diversity

• Higher birthrates
• Boarders

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Ethnic Diversity

• Higher birthrates
• Boarders
• More child labor

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Ethnic Diversity

• Higher birthrates
• Boarders
• More child labor
• Different fam. patterns

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Factory Work
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Rural Families
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Before 1880
70 all Americans lived in towns and villages of
less than 2,500 people
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754 per year
60 450 per year
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754 per year
60 450 per year
scrip
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10 white 20 black
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1924
Emergency Quota Act Immigration Act