Cells

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Cells Cell Organelles
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Types of cells
bacteriacells
Eukaryotes
animal cells
plant cells
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Cell size comparison

• most bacteria
• 1-10 microns
• eukaryotic cells
• 10-100 microns

• micron micrometer 1/1,000,000 meter
• diameter of human hair 20 microns

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Why study cells?

• Cells ? Bodies
• bodies are made up of cells
• cells do all the work!

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The Work of Life

• What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to
  live
• breathe
• exchange gases CO2 vs. O2
• eat
• digest food
• make energy
• ATP
• build molecules
• proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids
• remove wastes
• control internal conditions
• respond to external environment
• build more cells
• growth, repair, reproduction development

ATP
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Cells gotta live!

• What jobs do cells have to do?
• make energy
• for daily life
• for growth
• build more cells
• growth
• reproduction
• repair
• make proteins
• proteins control every cell function

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Making Proteins
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Proteins do all the work!
one of the major job of cells is to make proteins
proteins do all the work!
cells
DNA
proteins
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Building Proteins

• Organelles involved
• nucleus
• ribosomes
• endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• Golgi apparatus
• vesicles

nucleus
vesicles
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Nucleus

• Function
• control center of cell
• protects DNA
• instructions for building proteins
• Structure
• nuclear membrane
• pores for moving material in out
• nucleolus
• ribosome factory

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Nucleus
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Ribosomes

• Function
• protein factories build proteins
• Structure
• RNA proteins
• 2 subunits

Ribosomes
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Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Function
• duct work or hallways of cell
• processing of proteins
• membrane factory
• Structure
• rough ER
• ribosomes attached
• smooth ER

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Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum

• rough ER
• ribosomes attached
• smooth ER

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Golgi Apparatus

• Function
• like UPS headquarters
• shipping receiving department
• finishes, sorts, tags ships proteins
• ships proteins in vesicles
• membrane sacs
• UPS trucks

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Golgi Apparatus
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endoplasmicreticulum
nucleus
proteinon its way!
DNA
RNA
vesicle
vesicle
ribosome
TO
protein
finishedprotein
Golgi apparatus
Making Proteins
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Making proteins
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Growth Reproduction
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Growth Reproduction
Well learn about this in a later unit!
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Making Energy
ATP
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Cells need power!

• Making energy
• take in food digest it
• take in oxygen (O2)
• make ATP
• remove waste

ATP
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Lysosomes

• Function
• little stomach for cell
• digests food
• clean up crew of the cell
• cleans up broken down organelles
• Structure
• pockets of digestive enzymes

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Lysosomes
white blood cells attack eat invading germs
digest them in lysosomes
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Lysosome function

• Lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles
• digest nutrients for the cell

vacuole
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When things go bad

• Diseases of lysosomes are fatal
• digestive enzyme not working in lysosome
• picks up food, but cant digest it
• lysosomes fill up with undigested material
• grow larger larger until disrupts cell organ
  function
• exampleTay-Sachs diseasebuild up undigested
  fat in brain cells

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But sometimes cells need to die

• Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when they are
  supposed to be destroyed
• some cells have to die for proper development in
  an organism
• ex tadpole tail gets re-absorbed when it turns
  into a frog
• ex getting rid of webbing between your fingers
  during fetal development
• auto-destruct process
• lysosomes break open and kill cell
• cell suicide

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Fetal development
6 weeks
15 weeks
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Making energy
ATP

• Mitochondria
• make energy from sugar
• sugar (glucose) ?? ATP
• Chloroplasts
• make energy sugar from sunlight
• sunlight ?? ATP sugar
• ATP active energy
• sugar stored energy

ATP
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Mitochondria
ATP

• sugars ?? ATP
• cellular respiration
• need oxygen (O2)

in both animal plant cells
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Mitochondria are everywhere!!
animal cells
plant cells
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Chloroplasts
ATP

• sun energy ?? ATP sugars
• photosynthesis

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Compare the equations
Photosynthesis
Respiration
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The Great ENERGY Circle of Life
sun
Photosynthesis
plants
glucosesugar
O2

CO2

H2O
Respiration
animals plants
ATP
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Food water storage
food vacuoles
plant cells
central vacuole
animal cells
contractilevacuole
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Major organelles

• Nucleus
• Ribosomes
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• Vacuoles vesicles
• Lysosome
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplast

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Any Questions??