HIV/AIDS

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HIV/AIDS
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HIVHuman ___________ Virus
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What is it?

• It is the virus that causes acquired
  immunodeficiency syndrome (_______)
• It weakens the __________ system, making it
  harder for the body to fight off certain
  ____________.

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What fluids is the virus found in?

• ________
• ________
• ________ Fluid
• ________ ________
• Other body fluids containing ________

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The primary modes of HIV transmission

1. Blood to ________ contact
2. Sexual contact (____, _____, _______)
3. Transfer of the virus from an infected ________
   to her ________ during childbirth
4. ________ -feeding

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HIV cannot be spread by

• ________ bites
• Swimming pools
• ________ preparation

• ________
• Shaking hands
• ________

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Symptoms

• Swollen lymph glands in the armpits, groin, or
  neck.
• ________ that lasts for more than a week
• _______ _______ on tongue, mouth, or throat

• Rapid _______ Loss
• Dry ________
• Reoccurring _____ or night sweats
• Unexplained ________

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Some Special Cases
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____________

• Only one case of AIDS has ever been attributed to
  _______-mouth kissing
• Because of the potential for contact with blood
  never practice this activity with someone who is
  infected.

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Spitting or Biting

• Although ______ contains a very minor amount of
  HIV, it also contains a ______ that works to
  destroy the virus.
• The amount of HIV in saliva is not high enough to
  make spitting or biting a __________ risk.

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Shared Utensils

• There is an extremely remote chance for HIV
  transmission, and only if _________ is involved
  such as from a cut in the mouth.

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TEARS SWEAT

• These fluids do not contain ___________ HIV to
  cause infection.

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AIDSAcquired _______________ Syndrome
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What is AIDS?

• Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.
• It marks the most ____________ stage of HIV
  infection.

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Introduction

• Infection with HIV does not necessarily mean that
  a person has ________.
• Some people who have HIV infection may not
  develop any of the clinical illnesses that define
  the full-blown disease of AIDS for _______ years
  or more.
• Physicians prefer to use the term _____ for cases
  where a person has reached the ______,
  life-threatening stage of ________ infection.

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PREVALENCE

• AIDS was first identified in ______ among
  homosexual men and intravenous drug users in
  __________ and __________.
• Shortly after its detection in the US, evidence
  of AIDS epidemics grew among _________ men,
  _________, and children in sub-Saharan Africa.
• AIDS quickly developed into a worldwide ______,
  affecting virtually every nation.

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• By 2000 an estimated _______ million adults and
  1.4 million children worldwide were living with
  HIV infection or AIDS.
• The World Health Organization (WHO), estimates
  that from 1981 to 2000 about _________ million
  people died as a result of AIDS.
• More than _________ million of those who died
  were children under the age of 15.

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How does HIV cause AIDS?

• HIV destroys the blood cell _______ (T cells)
• These are crucial to the normal functioning of
  the immune system.
• When HIV infects a CD4 cell, it commandeers the
  genetic tools within the cell to manufacture new
  HIV virus.
• The newly formed HIV virus then leaves the cell,
  __________ the CD4 cell in the process.

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Little more about CD4 cells

• The average healthy person has over _____________
  CD4 cells per microliter of blood.
• In a person infected with HIV, the virus steadily
  destroys CD4 cells over a period of years
• When the density of CD4 cells drops to ______
  cells per microliter of blood a person is
  considered to have ________

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Stages of an HIV infection.

• 1st ____________ usually happens 3-6 weeks
  after exposure to HIV, but can happen in just a
  few days.
• 2nd _____ (________________) Many people go for
  years without any symptoms
• Still is replicating
• After years of replicating it weakens the immune
  system

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Stages of an HIV infection.

• 3rd _____ (_________) Is characterized by
  symptoms discussed earlier
• Signs of immune system failure
• Usually occurs after CD4 cells drop to below
  _____
• May not occur till 12 years after infection
• 4th _________ last stage of infection

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AIDS is diagnosed when

• CD4 cell count drops below _______ cells per
  micro liter of blood
• or
• Develop an _______________ infection or AIDS
  indicator

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• Without treatment , a person with AIDS often dies
  within ___ to ___ months.
• Young children usually die ____________.

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Who should be tested?

• You are sexually active
• You are uncertain about your sexual partners
  risk behaviors
• You are male you has had sex with another male
• Any of your male sexual partners has had sex with
  another male

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• You have shared needles and/or equipment to shoot
  drugs
• You have had STIs
• You are a healthcare worker with direct exposure
  to blood on the job
• You are now pregnant (testing is now mandatory
  nationwide for pregnant women)
• You are a woman who want to make sure you are not
  infected before getting pregnant

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What do tests look for?

• Tests do not look for ______ in blood.
• They look for __________ produced by the body in
  an effort to fight HIV.
• ___________ can be detected anywhere from a _____
  weeks until _____ months (very rare)
• Average time is _____ days.

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Types of tests
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Enzyme Immune Assay (EIA)

• Most ________ test used
• Identifies antibodies in the blood that are
  produced by the body.
• Test results are confirmed by _________ the same
  sample and then by a second test ______________
  test

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Western Blot

• Test is more _______.
• Can tell the difference between HIV antibodies
  and other antibodies that may react to the EIA
  and cause ____-________ results.
• A person is considered infected with the HIV
  virus following a repeatedly reactive result from
  the EIA, confirmed by the Western Blot test.

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Rapid HIV Tests

• A rapid HIV test usually produces results in less
  than ______ hours.
• Currently there are ____ rapid HIV tests licensed
  for use in the US.
• They are considered to be just as _______ as the
  standard blood test.
• As with the blood test, it must be ________ with
  an additional specific test before a diagnosis of
  HIV can be given.

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Home Test Kits

• The only kit approved by the FDA is the Home
  Access kit.
• Where can it be found?
• Most drug stores
• Testing involves
• pricking your ________
• placing drops of blood on a __________ ________
• mailing the card in for testing at a _________ lab

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Opportunistic Infections

• If CD4 cell levels drop below 200 cells per micro
  liter of blood, the late symptomatic phase
  develops.
• This phase is characterized by the appearance of
  any of _____ opportunistic infections and rare
  cancers.
• The destruction of CD4 cells impairs the immune
  functions that halt the development of cancer

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Most common OIs

• ___________ (Thrush) is a fungal infection of
  the mouth, throat, or vagina. CD4 cell range can
  occur even with fairly high CD4 cells.
• ___________ (CMV) is a viral infection that
  causes eye disease that can lead to blindness.CD4
  cell range under 50.
• ___________ _______ can cause oral herpes (cold
  sores) or genital herpes. These are fairly common
  infections, but if you have HIV, the outbreaks
  can be much more frequent and more severe. They
  can occur at any CD4 cell count.

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• Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC or MAI) is a
  bacterial infection that can cause recurring
  fevers, general sick feelings, problems with
  digestion, and serious weight loss. CD4 cell
  range under 75.
• Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a fungal
  infection that can cause a fatal pneumonia. CD4
  cell range under 200. Unfortunately this is
  still a fairly common OI in people who have not
  been tested or treated for HIV.
• Toxoplasmosis (Toxo) is a protozoal infection of
  the brain. T-cell range under 100.
• ___________________ (TB) is a bacterial infection
  that attacks the lungs, and can cause meningitis.
  CD4 cell range Everyone with HIV who tests
  positive for exposure to TB should be treated.

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Children and AIDS

• HIV infection in children progresses more
  __________ than in adults
• The immune systems in children have not yet built
  up __________ to many infectious agents.
• The disease is particularly __________ in
  infantsmore than half of infants born with an
  HIV infection die before age _______.

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Treatments
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Update 9/06

• There are now
• _____ individual anti-HIV drugs on the market to
  treat this disease
• And
• _____ combination drugs (pills that combine two
  or three anti-HIV drugs)

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AZT

• AZT ________ HIV growth in the body
• permitting an _______ in the number of CD4 cells
• _______ the immune system.
• AZT also prevents ___________ of HIV from an
  infected mother to her newborn.

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NNRTI

• Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
  (NNRTIs), introduced in 1996
• Preventing the enzyme from converting RNA to DNA

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Inhibitors

• Inhibitors cripples protease, the enzyme vital to
  the formation of new HIV.
• Causes defective HIV that is unable to ________
  new cells.
• Produces a dramatic ___________ in HIV levels in
  the blood.
• Enables CD4 cell levels to ____________.

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Latest Facts

• Approximately _____rd of the people in the US who
  are living with HIV infections and AIDS do not
  know they are infected.
• In recent studies of 13-24 year olds, females
  make up nearly _____ the HIV cases.
• As of 2002 an estimated _______ million people
  worldwide are living with HIV/AIDS.

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• Worldwide more than _____ of all adult HIV
  infections have resulted from ____________
  intercourse.
• About ___________ new HIV infections occur in the
  US each year.
• Almost ____________ people are living with the
  HIV infection or AIDS in the US today.