M'A'P'S'

1
M.A.P.S.

• Manuscripts
• Archaeology
• Prophecy
• Science

2
M.a.p.s.

• Manuscripts

3
Vitruvian Man
4
How long is a yard?
5
Yard Stick

• Standard
• National Institute of Standards and Technology
• http//www.nist.gov/
• What if the standard yard stick is lost or
  stolen?
• Could we ever measure anything again?
• What would football referees do?

6
All is not lost

• .there are enough reliable copies in the world
• Extremely accurate
• We can figure out how long a yard is from the
  many copies.

7
Historical Reliability of the OT

• Reliability tests
• Textual transmission, i.e copy accuracy
• Confirmation by hard evidence uncovered through
  archaeology
• Documentary evidence uncovered through
  archaeology
• NT confirmation of the OT
• By Jesus
• By Biblical writers

8
I. Bibliographic Test

• How good are the texts that are transmitted to
  us?
• The number of copies of the originals
• The time gap between the originals and the
  earliest copies
• The degree of accuracy of the copies

9
(No Transcript)
10
Degree of Accuracy

• Even with 25 thousand NT manuscripts, they are so
  close that we are virtually certain of 97 - 98
  of the New Testament.
• For the remaining 2-3, almost ½ are 1 and 2
  word variants for spelling, adding the, etc.
  None of these affect doctrine.
• For details www.BibleQuery.org

11
Scribal Accuracy
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
X XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
12
II. External Evidence Test

• Do other historical material confirm or deny the
  internal testimony of the New Testament?
• The test asks What other sources are there,
  apart from the documents under analysis, that
  substantiate its accuracy, reliability and
  authenticity

13
Extra-Biblical Christian Sources

• Early church Fathers quoting the New Testament

14
Extra-Biblical Secular Sources

• Writer Date Subject
• Cornellius Tacitus 112 Death of Jesus at the
  hands of Pilate
• Lucian 2nd C The new cult of Christianity
• Flavius Josephus 66 Life/Death of Jesus
• Suetonius 120 Christ-The reason for Jews
  expulsion from Rome
• Pliny 112 Christians bound not to sin - Jesus
• Thallus 52 Histories-Darkness at Christs death
  (eclipse)
• Philegon 1st C Darkness (Eclipse)
• Mara Bar-Serapion 73 Calamities brought by deaths
  of Socrates,
• Pythagorus and Jesus

15
III. Internal Evidence Test

• Do the witnesses contradict each other?
• Are there a sufficient number of witnesses?
• Were the witnesses truthful?
• Were they non-prejudicial?

16
m.A.p.s.

• Archaeology

17
Archaeological Evidence

• "It must be extremely significant that, in view
  of the great mass of corroborative evidence
  regarding the Biblical history of these periods,
  there exists today not one unquestionable find of
  archaeology that proves the Bible to be in error
  at any point"

18
Joshuas conquest of the Promised Land

• Re Jericho
• there remains no doubt the walls fell outwards
  so completely that the attackers would be able to
  clamber up and over the ruins into the city.

19
Historicity of kings in Bible

• Discoveries have been found referring to King
  David, Solomon, Uzziah, Hezekiah and many others
• Confirmation of other kings of Israel

20
Historicity of other Biblical Personalities

• Clay seals, that bear the impression of the
  actual seal used by Baruch, the scribe of
  Jeremiah the prophet who transcribed the Book of
  Jeremiah

21
Luke the Historian

• Acts should be respected and regarded as a
  first-rate work of history in the matters it
  speaks about, both theological and historical.
• It has been confirmed over and over again by
  independent and objective findings
• Names without error
• 32 countries
• 54 cities
• 9 islans

22
Cultural Environment
23
Acts 1411-13 - Lycaonia

• Luke not only records simple events, but enlivens
  his narrative with the feel of Lystra, a small
  "back woods" and relatively insignificant town
• Luke notes that the native populace of Lystra
  spoke their own language, Lycaonian, in this
  encounter, and not Greek as we might expect from
  a Greek city that became a Roman colony. This
  fact suggests that the worshippers in question
  were not Roman coloni, but the less educated
  natives. Pottery found from the first century
  period in the vicinity of Lystra contains a few
  fragments of Roman pottery, with the majority of
  the fragments being Hellenistic (Greek)
  (Thompson, LH, p. 11).
• It seems that the local populace was stratified
  into two basic levels the educated Greek portion
  with corresponding Greek manners and language,
  and the uneducated natives who retained their own
  language.
• Additionally, we are told that these people
  worshipped gods they called Zeus and Hermes. An
  inscriptions located near Lystra from around 250
  A.D. records a dedication to Zeus and Hermes, by
  men with Lycaonian names (ibid. p. 12).
• gtgtgt Thus, there is good reason to believe that
  Luke passed on to us not only correct facts
  regarding the native populace of an unimportant
  city at this time, but that he did it in a manner
  that also gives us a glimpse into the ambiance of
  the Lycaonian culture.

24
Acts 1612-39 - Philippi

• many specific details about this Roman colony,
  Philippi.
• For example, he informs us about the market place
  where the magistrates convened court, that there
  is a city gate by a river etc., (see Thompson,
  BA, p. 395).
• All these facts have been verified by
  archaeological, historical, and topographical
  studies (Thompson, LH, p. 14-15).

25
Acts 1716-34 - Athens

• Athens is mentioned. Our writer brings to our
  attention numerous details about the city in his
  narrative (see Ramsay, SPT, pp. 237-253).
• Paul was provoked by an inscription he read that
  was dedicated "to the unknown god."
• He debated moral questions with some Athenian
  philosophers in the market place before the
  Areopagus council.
• It has been established that metaphysical and
  ethical discussions were routinely carried on at
  the Athenian market place.
• The ancient court and most venerable of Athenian
  institutions, the Areopagus, held control over
  lectures.
• This important council named after the hill,
  Areopagus, meet in the days of Paul in the Royal
  Colonnade in the market place just as Luke states
  
• (see Ramsay, BRD, pp. 102-105 SPT, pp. 243-245
  and Thompson, LH, pp. 16-18,).

26
Acts 1718 - Athens

• Another particularly interesting tidbit is the
  disdainful Athenian retort in 1718 by the
  Epicurean and Stoic philosophers of Paul being a
  "babbler" (spermologos).
• This is an authentic touch of characteristic
  Athenian social slang (Ramsay, SPT, pp. 241-243).

27
Athens

• Athens was indeed a "very religious" city. We
  know that Athens had a large number of temples,
  and religious statues and images.
• Josephus and other early writers were similarly
  impressed, as Paul was, regarding the Athenian
  preoccupation with the gods (Bruce, CBA, p. 355).
  
• Still yet, we know that there were numerous
  inscriptions on alters in Athens dedicated to "to
  an unknown god."
• Pausanias, of the second century A.D., and
  Diogenes Laertes, from the third century, both
  mentioned such alters to these anonymous deities
  (ibid., p. 355 Yamauchi, p.116).
• Thompson informs us that "Philostratus in the
  early third century spoke of Athens where even
  unknown divinities have altars erected to them'"
  (Thompson, BA, p. 399).
• The writer of Acts again accurately records
  cultural facts of a society.

28
Acts 1918-41 - Ephesus

• a host of significantly verifiable items are
  brought to our attention.
• The city allegedly possessed a considerable
  number of inhabitant who practiced sorcery
• A rather large trade existed in the city that
  derived its income from the manufacture and
  distribution of silver idols of the alleged
  goddess Artemis (Diana).
• The alleged goddess had a temple in Ephesus.
• There was some type of theater in the city.

29
Ephesus

• The archaeological facts are such that all of the
  above observations by Luke have been confirmed
  (Thompson, LH, p. 19-23).
• Ephesus in ancient times was known for its
  sorcery and occultic practices, so much so that
  the phrase Ephesia grammata or "Ephesian scripts
  or writings" became a common term in the
  Greco-Roman world for magical texts (Bruce, CBA,
  p. 391-392 Unger, ANT, p.260).
• Some fairly early magical papyrus texts of this
  type are still extant today (see Deissmann, pp.
  254, 302-305, 453, etc.).
• Many of these idols mentioned above have been
  found, as well as the remains of the temple
• Its dimensions were 160 feet by 340 feet
• The remains of the theater have also been
  located.
• It was approximately 495 feet in diameter, and is
  estimated to have been able to seat 24,500
  persons.
• Within the theater was discovered an inscription
  describing numerous gold and silver images of
  Artemis, weighing from three to seven pounds each
  (Thompson, LH, p. 21).

30
Apparent eyewitness accounts

• These findings (especially when conjoined with
  further findings numerated below), reveal Luke's
  apparent eyewitness descriptions (either his own
  or that of Paul's) of the events and places cited
  above by his vivid portrayals of life and the
  social matrix of the communities Paul visited.

31
External environmental factors

• which effected these communities as well.
• For instance, Luke takes note of a severe famine,
  during the rule of emperor Claudius, that plagued
  large parts of the Roman empire (Acts 1127-30).
• The accuracy of this account was challenged by
  various scholars, who fancied this as an
  "imaginative" invention of Luke, because they
  were not aware of independent confirmation of it.
• However, historical evidence, independent of
  Acts, has supplemented our previously famished
  diet of knowledge on this topic (see Ramsay, SPT,
  pp. 48-52, 68-69 and Bruce, CBA, p. 243, for
  further information on the time and extent of the
  famines).
• Suetonius, the Roman historian who lived at the
  end of the first century and into the second,
  referred to austere conditions at the time of
  Claudius caused by "...a scarcity of provisions,
  occasioned by bad crops for several years" (as
  cited in Thompson, LH, p. 7).
• Dion Cassius, a statesman and writer, along with
  Tacitus, a Roman historian (55-120 A.D.), both
  refer to two famines in Rome in the first century
  (ibid. p. 7).
• Eusebius, the great Christian historian, and the
  Jewish historian, Josephus (37-95 A.D.), also
  mentions a severe famine in Asia Minor and Judea
  respectively in the first century (ibid. p. 7).
• Thus, we have independent and secular writers who
  attest to the fact of Luke's statement.

32
Roman Citizenship

• Acts not only demonstrates a thorough and
  extremely reliable account of the communities
  Paul interacted with, and environmental factors,
  but additionally, the role and importance of
  Roman citizenship in the first century
• During the first century A.D. Roman citizens were
  an especially privileged class of individuals
  throughout the Roman empire. They had special
  rights and privileges, such as unique legal
  rights and exemption from the taxes of local
  communities, etc., which non-Romans did not share
  (see Sherwin-White, RSRL, pp. 144-171).

33
Acts 1637-38

• and other passages, Paul makes much of his Roman
  citizenship relative to certain rights this gave
  him. This and many other comments found in Acts
  harmonizes beautifully with what we know
  regarding these issues in the first century A.D.
• For example, we have a parallel case to Paul's in
  Acts 16, from Cicero's writings where he talks
  about one C. Servilius, who was beaten and abused
  by governmental officials. Cicero rhetorically
  asks "is there any legal reason why this should
  happen to any Roman citizen?" (as cited in
  Sherwin-White, RSRL, p. 172).
• The style and circumstances differ in the above
  two cases, but the tone, the alarm, the concern
  about how a Roman citizens should, or should not
  in these cases, be treated is the same.

34
Societal and Judicial Changes

• There were major Roman societal and judicial
  changes pertaining to the rights of Roman
  citizenship that began early in the second
  century A.D. (ibid., pp. 68-70, 172-175, and
  179-185).
• But, Acts evidences none of these substantial
  societal changes.
• It accurately mirrors the value and role of local
  governments and Roman citizenship from the first
  century, not those of the second or latter
  centuries (ibid., pp. 179-185).
• As Sherwin-White says, "Acts breathes the climate
  of the earlier phase" (ibid., p.173).
• Therefore, the value and place of Roman
  citizenship in Acts properly represents the
  culture during the first century A.D., and
  conversely not according to its social evolution
  in the second.

35
Observations about Luke

• Luke, based upon our discussion so far, not only
  is historically reliable, but he has far more to
  offer us.
• He accurately captures and vividly portrays
  intimate and precise information as he paints a
  picture for us, that is, a lifelike and authentic
  first century mood and feel of the local-color
  and societal and religious practices, customs,
  and institutions of the locales it mentions.
• He demonstrates apparent eye witness experiences
  (his own or Paul's) that explain his keen and
  penetrating knowledge and insights of the places
  and events he writes about.
• In short, it has the ring of truth in describing
  the places Paul visited and historical events
  that occurred (see Ramsay, BRD, pp. 79-89 SPT.
  pp. 8-9).

36
Quotes

• To sum up this section of our discussion we quote
  Sherwin-White and Ramsay respectively
• In Acts or in that part of Acts which is
  concerned with the adventures of Paul in Asia
  Minor and Greece, one is aware all the time of
  the Hellenistic and Roman setting.
• The historical framework is exact. In terms of
  time and place the details are precise and
  correct. One walks the streets and market-places,
  the theatres and assemblies of first-century
  Ephesus or Thessalonica, Corinth or Philippi,
  with the author of Acts. ...The feel and tone of
  city life is the same as in the descriptions of
  Strabo and Dio of Prusa...In all these ways Acts
  takes us on a conducted tour of the Greco-Roman
  world. The detail is so interwoven with the
  narrative of the mission as to be inseparable.
  (RSRL, pp.120, 121)
• In Ephesus Paul taught in the school of
  Tyrannus' in the city of Socrates he discussed
  moral questions in the market-place. How
  incongruous it would seem if the methods were
  transposed! But the narrative never makes a false
  step amid all the many details, as the scene
  changes from city to city and that is the
  conclusive proof that it is a picture of real
  life. (SPT, p. 238)

37
Nautical Knowledge and Acts
38
Acts 271-41

• Rackham says regarding Acts 27 that "the story is
  told with such a wealth of detail that in all
  classical literature there is no passage which
  gives us so much information about the working of
  an ancient ship" (as cited in Robertson, LH, p.
  206).
• Luke has an appreciation for the sea and this
  comes through in the relevant passages (primarily
  in Acts 271-41).
• (For further study on this subject see Ramsay,
  SPT, pp. 331-339 Robertson, LH, pp. 206-216 and
  Smith's entire work, VSSP.)
• Luke's recital of
• the type of ships used and some of their
  features,
• their courses charted,
• the winds they sailed under or were hindered by,
• storms encountered,
• the Islands named,
• sailing techniques, and much more squares with
  our knowledge of ancient and modern navigation,
  having been verified by external and independent
  evidence (Robertson, p.216).

39
Very precise terminology

• Smith and Ramsay list some specifics (see
  Robertson, p. 214 Ramsay, SPT, p. 328).
• For instance, "...They sailed under
  hyperleusamen the lee of Cyprus, keeping
  northwards with a westerly wind on the beam"
  (Acts 274) "here they ran before a wind under
  hypodramontes the lee of Clauda" (Acts 2714).
• Likewise, in 2714 we are told of a wind of
  typhonic force, the "northeaster" (euraquilo),
  which swept down from an island (Crete). At its
  height the Cretan mountains in question are over
  7000 feet. It is the case even today that quite
  suddenly and unexpectedly near hurricane strength
  winds can flow down the mountains and create
  havoc for sailing vessels in the underlying
  waters (Ramsay, SPT, p. 327).
• Robinson, sums up Luke's contribution and the
  value and accuracy of his sea-voyages when he
  stated "it is to Luke that we owe the most vivid
  as well as the most accurate account of
  sea-voyaging that has come down to us from
  antiquity. Experts in navel science agree that it
  is without a parallel" (as cited in Robertson,
  LH, p. 207).

40
Legal System
41
Acts on Trial

• Luke's portrayal of the legal system within the
  Roman empire in the first century, as already
  briefly cited, is as informed as the other areas
  we have already discussed.
• Thus, whether Paul is being confronted by
• mobs and their demagogish rulers,
• the seething Sanhedrin,
• local Jewish tribunals,
• civil magistrates,
• the arrogant Areopagus council,
• proconsuls,
• prefects, later known as procurators (after
  A.D.44), such as Felix and Festus,
• a vassal king like Agrippa,
• Luke's narratives coincide with what we know of
  the first century judicial processes.
• Charges and proceedings are written in
  contemporary and accurate language.

42
Acts 2516

• records the statement that "...it is not the
  Roman custom to hand over any man before he has
  faced his accusers and has had opportunity to
  defend himself against their charges."
• This remark by procurator Festus, written down by
  Luke, accords perfectly with Roman jurisprudence
  of the first century (see Sherwin-White, RSRL,
  p.48).

43
Acts 2518

• The governor remarked "The accusers brought no
  charges against him which I could take
  cognizance." The Greek word rendered by "take
  cognizance" or "understand" (NIV "expected," KJV
  "supposed") has a technical meaning
  (Sherwin-White, TC, p. 101).
• The Greek phrase in question, on ego hypenooun,
  in its strongest sense means "suspect"
  (Sherwin-White, RSRL, p.50). In a legal context,
  it does not mean that Festus literally could not
  understand the issues, but that the issue brought
  before him to adjudicate was a religious issue,
  which fell out side the normal domain of the law.
  Therefore, it fits naturally, given the unusual
  charges brought against Paul, for Festus, to
  request King Agrippa's help as an assessor (legal
  advisor), a common practice of the day, in order
  to draft the formal charges against Paul to send
  along with him to Rome (see Sherwin-White, TC,
  pp. 100-101 and RSRL, p. 51). Furthermore, we
  are aware of other indictments against different
  parties parallel to the one in Acts leveled at
  Paul (Sherwin-White, p. 51).
• In short, the whole proceeding, as are the rest
  mentioned in Acts, accurately represents the
  legal procedures of the day in the first century
  A.D. (Sherwin-White, TC, p. 101).

44
Verdict of a legal historian

• Based upon his through studies of the legal
  accounts recorded in Acts, the renowned Roman and
  legal historian Sherwin-White pronounces his
  verdict on the case before us in the following
  statement
• "The accounts of these trials in Acts is so
  technically correct that Roman historians since
  Mommsen have often judged them as the best
  illustration of Roman provincial jurisdiction in
  this particular period" (TC, p. 101).
• And in circumscribing our topic of the
  historicity of Acts from its presentation of
  judicial concerns he declared
• "For Acts the confirmation of historicity is
  overwhelming....any attempt to reject its basic
  historicity even in matters of detail must now
  appear absurd. Roman historians have long taken
  if for granted" (RSRL, p. 189).
• (For further study on this subject consult
  Ramsay, BRD, pp. 90-105 Robertson, LH, pp.
  190-205 and Sherwin-White's TC, and RSRL.)

45
Geopolitical Map
46
The Geopolitical Map

• The writer of Acts excels in his geopolitical
  knowledge of the day in realms that Paul
  transversed, and later he and Paul visited
  together (Acts 166 onward) on their various
  missionary journeys.
• As we shall currently see Luke is no less precise
  in these details than in any other concern his
  book treats.

47
Acts 1349 - Antioch

• Regarding the Antiochian territory that "the word
  of the Lord spread through the whole region."
• We know from archaeological findings, an
  inscription, that Antioch, which was in the
  province of Galatia, was the center of a Roman
  region, Galatic Phrygia, during the time of
  Paul's visits and travels (Ramsay, SPT, p. 103
  Thompson, BA, p. 393 LH,p. 10).
• Hence, Antioch was the center of the region
  called Phrygia (or the Phrygian Region) within
  the province of Galatia (Ramsay SPT, p. 102).
• Thus, it is a simple, but quite telling and
  accurate comment to note that the word spread
  through the region, of which Antioch was the
  chief military and civil center (Ramsay, SPT, pp.
  102-105).

48
Acts 146 cities of Lycaonia

• Second on our stop is Acts 146 and the "...cites
  of Lycaonia, and unto the region that lieth round
  about."
• The above was a special region, within the
  province of Galatia, composed of two cities and a
  tract of cityless territory, from 37 to 72 A.D.
  only (see Ramsay, SPT, pp. 110-113).
• Although Iconium and Lystra were quite close to
  each other speaking merely geographically, and
  carried on commercial trade and social
  intercourse, they were nonetheless in different
  political regions, (but within the same
  province).
• Iconium belonged to the region of Phrygia
  Galatica, while Lystra belonged to the Lycaonia
  Galatica region (see Bruce, CBA, pp. 288-289
  Ramsay, BRD, 39-63 Thompson, BA, p. 393).
• Numerous radical and moderate scholars have
  assumed that Acts 146 was just another case of
  Luke being wrong about the facts.
• But objective archaeological evidence once again
  has vindicated Acts, and not the armchair
  critics.
• Luke thus gives us not only correct, but a
  precise piece of geopolitical information.

49
Acts 166-8 - Phrygia

• In Roman times, Phrygia, a large area in Asia
  Minor, was divided.
• Part of it went to the Roman province of Asia,
  being titled Phrygia Asiana, while the other part
  of Phrygia went into the Roman province of
  Galatia (referred to above), and was called
  Phrygia Galatica (Thompson, LH, p.13).
• Sir William Ramsay found an inscription in 1911
  that proved that Luke's geographical terminology
  of the passage under consideration was not only
  correct, but quite acutely at that (see Bruce,
  CBA, pp. 324-326 and Thompson, LH, p. 13).

50
Acts 1612 - Philippi

• Fourth, Luke speaks of Philippi in Acts 1612
  being a Roman colony and the leading or first
  city of its region or part. These three points
  have been proven to be correct.
• Philippi was a Roman colony, founded by Roman
  veterans (Yamauchi, SS, p. 115)
• Also, the title of "first" or "leading" was used
  by some to describe Philippi (see Sherwin-White,
  RSRL, pp. 93-96). While it is true that scholars
  debate exactly what this title ("first") meant,
  the fact remains that it was nevertheless used
  for Philippi (see Bruce, CBA, p. 330 Thompson,
  BA. p.395)
• Lastly, papyri from Egypt have been discovered
  that substantiate Luke's usage of the Greek word
  meris to mean region (Yamauchi, SS, p. 115).
  Apparently colonists from Macedonia used this
  word as an idiom.
• Through these and other details, once again, Acts
  demonstrates its historicity and firsthand
  knowledge of a city and germane geopolitical
  factors by sharing with us insightful comments,
  such as local idioms and the title that the
  Philippians liked to proudly appropriate for
  their community, that give us not only a
  reliable, but a larger than life profile of
  Philippi.
• (For further study on Philippi see Ramsay, SPT,
  pp. 201-226 and Unger, pp. 218-219.)

51
Conclusions

• The bottom line of the above discussion of
  geopolitical accounts of Acts is that they were
  not only correct, but uncannily precise.
• In each of the above cases and more that could be
  cited, Acts was believed to be in error and hence
  disputed.
• However, archaeological evidence has again and
  again confirmed its accuracy.
• The radical critics, on the other hand have been
  disproved time land time again.
• Acts has been acquitted by objective testimony
  and evidence of the serous charges of errors in
  the geopolitical sphere and conversely has shown
  itself to be an extremely trustworthy document on
  the geopolitical landscape of the first century
  communities it mentions.

52
Titles
53
Titles

• By cross-checking the wide variety of titles
  employed for various religious and governmental
  officials in it with archaeological data from the
  corresponding time period, Acts historical worth
  can be discerned.
• You may not be able to accurately judge a book by
  its cover, but in our case we can certainly judge
  Acts by it titles.

54
Acts 137 - Cyprus

• mentions one Sergius Paulus, the proconsul (or
  the Greek anthupatos, that translates the Latin
  proconsul) of the island of Cyprus, who was
  ruling from the seat of the provincial government
  in Paphos at the time of Paul's visit.
• This passage has been greatly contested since is
  was believed that this area during the time of
  Paul was not governed by a proconsul, but by an
  imperial legate.
• Thus, Acts was thought to be in error.
• What are the facts?
• Cyprus, to which Paphos belonged, became a
  Senatorial province in 22 B.C.
• Therefore, from that date onward it was, at least
  throughout the time of the apostle Paul, governed
  by a proconsul.
• Thus, up until 22 B.C. it had been an Imperial
  province, and was ruled by a imperial legate
  (Robertson, LH, p. 182).
• But, at the time of Paul's visit it was a
  senatorial province and was governed by a
  proconsul. In fact, an inscription has been found
  at Soloi (in Cyprus) that states "in the
  Proconsulship of Paulus" (see Ramsay SPT, pp.
  74-76).
• It is not my contention that this is necessarily
  the very Sergius Paulus of Acts 13, but merely
  that archaeological findings have confirmed that
  Luke used the correct title for the governor in
  Cyprus during the time of Paul's missionary
  activity in this area (Thompson, LH, p.8). (For
  further study on this issue see Ramsay, BRD, pp.
  150-172 and Thompson, BA, pp. 390-392.)

55
Acts 1620-39 - Philippi

• Recounting Paul's arrest and imprisonment at
  Philippi in Acts 1620-39, Luke calls the legal
  officials magistrates (Grk strategois or the
  Latin praetors), and their officers, sergeants
  (the Greek is rabdouchoi, and the Latin is
  lictors).
• Since, as noted earlier, Philippi was a Roman
  colony, its magistrates were called "duumvirs,"
  not praetors, which was a more dignified title.
• Again it seemed that Luke was incorrect.
• However, we know, of at least one parallel case
  from the Roman colony of Capua, where the
  "duumvirs" were, or at least preferred to be,
  called praetors (Thompson, BA, p. 396 LH, p.14).
  
• Cicero writes "Although they are called duumvirs
  in the other colonies, these men wish to be
  called praetors."
• Therefore, it is possible, indeed highly probable
  given Luke's usual precise and seemly firsthand
  information, that the Philippian magistrates did
  not use their official titles, but opted for the
  more respectable one (see Bruce, CBA, p. 335
  Unger, ANT, p. 223).

56
Acts 176-9 - Thessalonica

• Moving along we arrive at Thessalonica, and
  Paul's run in with its authorities (Acts 176-9).
  
• Here, Luke calls the city officials politarchoi.
• Since this title is not found in any extant
  classical literature, it should come as no
  surprise that is was assumed that Acts had erred
  again.
• However, Acts is correct (Sherwin-White, RSRL, p.
  96-97).
• Inscriptions have been discovered, from
  Macedonian towns, including Thessalonicia, that
  verify Luke's usage of this unusual term (see
  Bruce, ACNT, p.325).
• For example, the Roman road entered the city by a
  Roman arch called the Vardar Gate.
• On this arch is an inscription "In the time of
  Politarchs...."
• The inscription is dated from 30 B.C. to 143 A.D.
  (Thompson, LH, p. 15).

57
Acts 1812 - Achaia

• Gallio, proconsul of Achaia, who Paul appeared
  before on spurious charges.
• It was believed that Luke was mistaken in
  referring to Gallio as a proconsul, since it was
  believed that Achaia at this time was governed by
  a procurator, not a proconsul.
• But, the literary and archaeological evidence
  supports Acts, not its critics. Achaia was
  governed by a proconsul from the time of 27 B.C.
  to 15 A.D.
• In 15 A.D. it reverted back to being under the
  control of the emperor thus, it was governed by
  a procurator during this time period.
• From 44 A.D. onwards it came again under the
  control of the Roman Senate, and thus was
  governed by a proconsul
• (see Ramsay, SPT, p. 258 Robertson, LH, p. 182
  and Thompson, LH, p. 19).
• The Gallio in question was the brother of the
  great Stoic philosopher, Seneca, who mentions
  that his brother "Gallio caught fever in Achaia"
  (Bruce, CBA, pp. 373-374 Thompson, LH, p. 19).
• A Delphian inscription states a proclamation of
  emperor Claudius that Gallio became proconsul of
  Achaia in July, 51 A.D.
• (Bruce, ACNT, p. 324 CBA, p. 374 Thompson, BA,
  p. 401 LH, p. 19).
• This is remarkable confirmation of Luke's
  accuracy in Acts 1812., of not only stating the
  proper title of the governor, but the name of the
  actual person himself.

58
Acts 1931, 35, 38

• In these versus Luke mentions the "chief men," or
  "officials (asiarchon), who were friends of Paul,
  the "town clerk" (grammateus), and Ephesus being
  the "temple keeper" or "guardian" (neokoros) of
  the temple of Artemis.
• All of these titles and offices have been
  verified by archaeological finds, namely,
  inscriptions, as having been used in Ephesus in
  the time frame that Paul journeyed to the city
• (see Bruce, CBA, pp.400-402 NTDR, pp. 83-84
  Sherwin-White, RSRL, pp. 85-91 Thompson, BA, p.
  408 LH, p. 24-25).

59
Acts 2526

• Festus is said to have applied the title of lord
  (kyrios) to the emperor.
• This was supposed to have been a blunder by Luke
  in attributing these words to Festus, since this
  title was not used for the emperor.
• Deissmann cites sources (pp. 351-354) that show
  that in fact the term was at times used for the
  Roman emperors in Paul's days (and some before
  Paul's time), even giving several parallel cases.
  One is where a Boeotian town referred to Nero as
  "lord of the whole world" (p. 354).
• This and other evidence for the usage of the term
  moved Deissmann to write
• The fact that a New Testament writer well
  acquainted with this period makes Festus the
  Procurator speak of Nero simply as the lord' now
  acquires its full significance in this connexion.
  The insignificant detail, questioned by various
  commentators, who, seated at their writing-tables
  in Tubingen or Berlin, vainly imagined that they
  knew the period better than St. Luke, now appears
  thoroughly credible. (p. 354.)

60
Acts 287

• Luke calls the head official on the island of
  Malta, the "chief" or "first" (protos) official.
• This title is vouched for by both Greek and Latin
  inscriptions as the proper title for the Roman
  governor of Malta during this time period
• (Bruce, CBA, p. 523 Thompson, LH, p. 25).

61
Two observations of Bruce

• The student of Roman history is aware of the
  bewildering variety in the titles held by these
  men, and he cannot fail to be struck by the
  confident accuracy with which Luke uses them.
  (ACNT, p. 325)
• A writer who thus relates his story to the wider
  context of world history is courting trouble if
  he is not careful he affords his critical
  readers so many opportunities for testing his
  accuracy. Luke takes this risk, and stands the
  test admirably. One of the most remarkable tokens
  of his accuracy is his sure familiarity with the
  proper titles of all the notable persons who are
  mentioned in his pages. This was by no means such
  an easy feat in his days as it is in ours, when
  it is so simple to consult convenient books of
  reference. The accuracy of Luke's use of the
  various titles in the Roman Empire has been
  compared to the ease and confident way in which
  an Oxford man in ordinary conversation will refer
  to the Heads of Oxford colleges by their proper
  titles--the Provost of Oriel, the Master of
  Balloil, the Rector of Exeter, the President of
  Magdalen, and so on...But Luke had a further
  difficulty in that the titles sometimes did not
  remain the same for any great length of time a
  province might pass from senatorial government to
  administration by a district representative of
  the emperor, and would then be governed no longer
  by a proconsul but by an imperial legate...
  (NTDR, p. 82).

62
History
63
Acts and History

• Despite all the facts, all the details, attesting
  to the historical reliability and trustworthiness
  of Acts that we have seen in our survey, radical
  and moderate higher critics could (and some do)
  suggest two possibilities for this phenomena.
• the author(s) who wrote Acts late in the second
  century A.D. was not only a truly great writer
  and story teller who "breathed the breath of
  life" into his creation, but no doubt, was a
  world traveler (or the collective group of
  redactors were), and thus had access to the
  precise facts communicated to us relating to
  first century life via Acts.
• Acts was simply the result of a well educated
  redactor (or redactors) who possessed a wide
  breath of knowledge, and preformed a "cut and
  paste job" with the best oral and written
  traditions extant (form criticism), creating a
  literary master piece of church history and dogma.

64
Sir William Ramsay

• The present writer takes the view that Luke's
  history is unsurpassed in respect of its
  trustworthiness...You may press the words of Luke
  in a degree beyond any other historian's. and
  they will stand the keenest scrutiny and the
  hardest treatment, provided always that the
  critic knows the subject and does not go beyond
  the limits of science and of justice...
• ...Acts may be quoted as a trustworthy historical
  authority....Luke is a historian of the first
  rank not merely are his statements of fact
  trustworthy he is possessed of the true historic
  sense he fixes his mind on the idea and plan
  that rules in the evolution of history and
  proportions the scale of his treatment to the
  importance of each incident. He seizes the
  important and critical events and shows their
  true nature at great length, while he touches
  lightly or omits entirely much that was valueless
  for his purposes. In short, this author should be
  placed along with the very greatest of
  historians. (BRD, pp. 81, 89, 222.)

65
A Skeptics Conclusion

• I began with a mind unfavorable to it (Acts),
  for the ingenuity and apparent completeness of
  the Tubingen theory had at one time quite
  convinced me. It did not lie then in my line of
  life to investigate the subject minutely but
  more recently I found myself often brought in
  contact with the book of Acts as an authority for
  the topography, antiquities, and society of Asia
  Minor. It was gradually borne in upon me that in
  various details the narrative showed marvelous
  truth.
• Sir Wm. Ramsay, St. Paul the Traveller and the
  Roman Citizen, p. 8

66
m.a.P.s.

• Prophecy

67
How many historical prophecies that have been
proven true are contained in the Bible?

• There are approximately 688 historical prophecies
  in the Bible. The table below explains the data
  we have regarding Biblical prophecies

68
TYRE

• A Study in Archaeology and Prophecy

69
Tyre in the Bible

• Isaiah 231ff
• Isaiah 4121-22
• Isaiah 447-8
• Ezekiel 261 2819

70
Tyre

• 724-720 BC Assyrian by king Shalmaneser V
• 705 BC Assyrian by king Sennacherib
• 715 BC Isaiah 231ff
• 588 BC Ezekiel 26 28
• 585-573 BC Nebuchadnezzar seige of Tyre
• 503 BC
• 332 BC Alexander the Great attacks Tyre
• (112th Olympiad)
• 323 BC Antigonus attacks Tyre
• 1291 AD Saracens finally destroy Tyre

71
Sieges of Tyre

• 724-720 BC Assyrian by king Shalmaneser V
• 705 BC Assyrian by king Sennacherib
• 663 BC Assyrian by king Ashurbanipal
• 585-570 BC Babylonian by king Nebuchadnezzar II
• 332 BC Macedonian by Alexander the Great.
• 1111-1112 AD by the Crusaders of Baldwin I

72
Tyre
73
(No Transcript)
74
(No Transcript)
75
Alexander deploys his army on the coast, unable
to reach Tyre with projectiles of any sort his
fleet is slightly outnumbered but outclassed in
training by the Tyrian fleet and therefore
remains close to shore. Tyre is also protected by
outer walls and two inner walls. Alexander plans
to take the island fortress somehow, no matter
the cost. The Tyrians are confident behind their
walls and plan to hold out until Alexanders
supply situation deteriorates or he abandons the
siege in frustration.
Alexander orders construction of a mole, a raised
tract of land, to reach Tyre. The Macedonian
infantry, working as labourers, are harassed by
the Tyrian fleet while Alexanders fleet is
powerless to help. Alexander orders construction
of two wooden towers, reinforced by raw hides to
protect against fire arrows, to deter Tyrian
sorties.
The Tyrians respond to these wooden towers by
converting a horse transport into a fire-ship
they load the ship with dry branches, other
highly combustible materials and sulphur. When a
favourable wind turns up, the fire-ship is towed
out to sea and set aflame. The fire-ship collides
with the Macedonian mole and explodes,
obliterating both towers.
Alexander orders the mole to be widened and then
to continue progressing towards Tyre. More wooden
towers are also constructed for further
protection against any shrewd Tyrian plans.
Alexanders fleet is reinforced by regional
powers looking to back Alexander after finally
learning of Darius IIIs defeat at Issus in
November.
The Tyrian fleet ventures into the open sea to
probe the moles new defences but is confronted
by the now greatly superior Macedonian fleet. The
Tyrian fleet realizes this and hurries back to
harbour where it is blockaded. Meanwhile, the
mole reaches Tyres walls although construction
is costly as labourers come in range of Tyrian
archers.
Alexander constructs catapults and probes the
walls to the north and south of the mole while
his infantry and archers create a minor breach in
the wall facing the mole. In the south however,
Alexander discovers a suitable place to assault
and removes the underwater stones blocking his
ships from reaching it.
Alexander continues a cautious attack against the
breach in the wall facing the mole to occupy the
Tyrians attention while undertaking two
preliminary maneuvers. Two fleets are filled with
Macedonian infantry one is fitted with rams and
catapults to breach the southern wall while the
other sails around the back of the island to
threaten the Tyrian defenders rear.
Alexander suddenly launches a well-prepared,
all-out attack to defeat the island fortress.
Both blockading fleets push into the Tyrian
harbours, the attack from the mole continues and
a diversionary attack is launched against the
western wall. The decisive attack comes at the
southern breach where the fleet lands two waves
of infantry they shove the defenders back and
push into the city. The Tyrians mount a last
stand in the city but their front is pierced and
Tyre quickly surrenders.
Macedonians (Alexander)
Tyrians (Citizens) 15,000 men of military age 80
triremes 35,000 other civilians
Macedonians (Alexander the Great) 30,000
infantry 200 triremes
Tyrians (Citizens)
Tyrians (Citizens)
76
(No Transcript)
77
Messianic Prophecies
78
Messianic Prophecy

• Place of birth (Mic. 52)
• Time of birth (Dan. 925)
• Manner of birth (Is. 714)
• Sold for 30 pieces of silver (Zech. 1112)
• Manner of death (Ps. 2216)
• Peoples reactions (mocking, spitting, staring,
  etc.) (Ps. 227,8, 17)
• His side pierced (Zech. 1210)
• Burial in a rich mans tomb (Is 539)

J. Barton Payne in his Encyclopedia of Biblical
Prophecies (P. 665-670) lists 191 Prophecies that
were literally fulfilled in the life, death, and
resurrection of Christ
79
Probabilities

• 8 prophecies all being fulfilled in the life of
  Christ
• I X 1017
• 48 Prophecies 1 10157
• (more atoms than there are in the Universe)
• Taken from Peter Stoner, Science Speaks

80
m.a.p.S.

• Science

81
To Begin the Discussion

• In 1903, a British philosopher, Herbert Spencer,
  made a profound scientific statementEverything
  in the universe can be explained by five basic
  things - space, matter, time, force, and action.
• Spencer, an evolutionist, was a contemporary of
  Charles Darwin, the British scientist credited
  with popularizing the concept of evolution. He
  (Spencer) was given a prestigious award by the
  British Science Society at the time. This was
  considered to be a major contribution to science.
  And it is, until you realize that

82
Who Said It First?

• Gen. 11, In the beginning (time) God (force)
  created (action) the heavens (space) and the
  earth (matter).

83
Hydrology

• Hydrologic Cycle - Ecc. 17 Isa. -5510
• Evaporation - Psalms 1357 Jer. 1013
• Condensation Nuclei - Proverbs 826
• Condensation - Job 268, 3711,16
• Precipitation - Job 3626-28
• Run off -Job 2810
• Oceanic Reservoir - Psalms 337
• Snow - Job 3822 Psalms 14716
• Hydrologic Balance Job 2824-26
• Springs in the sea - Job 3816 We did not
  discover this until the 70's

84
Geology

• Principle of Isostasy Gen 19-10 Isa. 4012
  Psalms 1045-9
• Shape of the Earth - Isa. 4022 Job 2610 Psalms
  10312
• Rotation of the earth - Job 3812,14
• Gravitation - Job 267, 386
• Rock erosion - Job 1418,19
• Glacial Period - Job 3829,30
• Uniformitarianism - II Peter 34
• Dinosaurs or dragons - Job40,41

85
Astronomy

• Size of the Universe Job 117-9
• Number of Stars - Isa. 559 Jer. 3137
• Uniqueness of each star - Gen. 2217 Jer. 3322
• Precision of Orbits - I Cor. 1541 Jer. 3135,36
• Void over the North Pole - Job 267

86
Meteorology

• Circulation of the atmosphere - Ecc. 16
• Protective effect of the atmosphere - Isaiah
  4022
• Oceanic origin of rain - Ecc 17
• Relation of electricity to rain - Job 2826
  Jeremiah 1013
• Fluid dynamics - Job 2825

87
Biology

• Blood circulation - Leviticus 1711
• Psychotherapy - Proverbs 1624, 1722
• Biogenesis and stability - Gen. 111, 21, 25
• Uniqueness of man - Gen. 126
• Chemical nature of flesh - Gen. 111, 24 - 27 -
  319
• Cave men - Job 1223-25, - 303-8

88
Physics

• Mass energy equivalence - Colossians 117 Heb.
  13
• Source of Energy for the earth - Psalms 196
• Atomic disintegration - II Peter 310
• Electrical Transmission of Information - Job
  3835
• Television - Revelations 119-11
• Rapid transportation Daniel 124

89
Be Sure of Your Facts

• There are no historical or scientific errors in
  the Bible
• There are no scientific errors because God cannot
  lie
• We believe in the full, verbal inspiration,
  inerrancy and infallibility of the Holy
  Scriptures
• The Bible is written in everyday language
• Bible writers used the language of appearance,
  e.g. sunrise, sunset, dew
• When the sun rises would you saymy what a
  beautiful earth rotation?

90
Be Sure of Your Facts - 2

• Science has never disproved any statement in the
  Bible, but it has proven and demonstrated the
  truth of hundreds of things which the Bible
  anticipated, e.g.
• Gen. 11 space, matter, time, force, action
• Ps. 10312 as far as the east is from the west
• We must be sure of
• Our scriptural facts,
• Our scientific facts, and
• What we heard

91
Scriptural Facts

• Dr. Criswell advertised that he would give
  anybody 1000 if he could show him a scientific
  inaccuracy, mistake, or error in the Bible
• Woman called to say
• Apples cannot grow in the Mesopotamian Valley
• Apples only grow in OR and WA
• I know its true because my professor told me so!
• Gen. 32-3, And the woman said to the serpent,
  We may eat the fruit of the trees of the garden
  but of the fruit of the tree which is in the
  midst of the garden, God has said, 'You shall not
  eat it, nor shall you touch it, lest you die.'"
• Lesson check your facts!

92
Scientific Facts

• Dan. 124 , But you, Daniel, shut up the words,
  and seal the book until the time of the end many
  shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall
  increase.
• An explosion of knowledge in the last days
• 90 of all scientists are living today
• Increased knowledge
• gt 100K scientific periodicals, many specialties
• gt 2000 words per minute are being added
• Earth satellites collect 1012 bits of data per
  day
• No one can claim to be an authority in general

93
As Seen in Science

• When men thought the earth was flat, the Bible
  taught it was a sphere, Is. 4022, written in 700
  BC
• Is. 4022, It is He who sits above the circle of
  the earth, and its inhabitants are like
  grasshoppers, Who stretches out the heavens like
  a curtain, and spreads them out like a tent to
  dwell in.

94
As Seen in Science 2

• When men thought the earth rested on the back of
  a giant turtle, the Bible taught it was suspended
  in space, Job 267, written in 2000 BC
• Job 267, He stretches out the north over empty
  space He hangs the earth on nothing.

95
As Seen in Science 3

• Gen. 155, Then He brought him outside and said,
  Look now toward heaven, and count the stars if
  you are able to number them. And He said to
  him, So shall your descendants be. Written in
  1500 BC
• In 150 AD, a Greek astronomer, Ptolemy, taught
  that there were exactly 1056 stars
• Today astronomers confirm thatthe stars are
  innumerable

96
As Seen in Science 4

• 1st Law no new energy is being created
• 2nd Law the amount of usable energy in the
  universe is running down
• The Bible taught that God is resting from His
  Creation work
• Gen. 21-2, Thus the heavens and the earth, and
  all the host of them, were finished. And on the
  seventh day God ended His work which he had done,
  and He rested on the seventh day from all His
  work which He had done.

97
As Seen in Science 5

• The universe will someday pass away
• Mark 1331, Heaven and earth will pass away, but
  My words will by no means pass away.
• 2 Pet. 310, But the day of the Lord will come
  as a thief in the night, in which the heavens
  will pass away with a great noise, and the
  elements will melt with fervent heat both the
  earth and the works that are in it will be burned
  up.

98
As Seen in Science 6

• Modern science was not practiced in biblical
  times
• The science recorded in the Bible requires a
  supernatural source
• In 1861 the French Academy of Science published a
  brochure of 51 scientific facts which
  supposedly contradicted the Bible
• Today all 51 so-called facts have been shown to
  be false by modern scientists