14' Information Search and Visualization

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14. Information Search and Visualization
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Introduction

• information retrieval, database management ?
  information gathering, seeking, filtering, or
  visualization
• data mining from data warehouses and data marts ?
  knowledge networks or semantic webs
• information search using traditional UI hurdle
  for novice users and an inadequate for experts
• Improvements on traditional text and multimedia
  searching seem possible as a new generation of
  visualization strategies for query formulation
  and information presentation emerges
• task actions (browsing or searching) represented
  by interface actions (scrolling, zooming,
  joining, or linking)
• Tasks specific/extended fact finding,
  exploration of availability, open-ended browsing
  and problem analysis

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Searching in Textual Documents and Database
Querying

• search engine
• SQL requires training, and even then users make
  frequent errors
• natural-language queries appealing but limited
  computer processing capacity
• form-fillin queries and query-by-example
• simple and advanced search interfaces (fig. 14.1)
• five-phase framework
• Formulation expressing the search ? source,
  fields, phrases, variants
• Initiation of action launching the search ?
  explicit, implicit initiation, dynamic query
• Review of results reading messages and outcomes
  ? sequence and cluster
• Refinement formulating the next step ? history
  buffer
• Use compiling or disseminating insight

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Multimedia Document Searches

• Image search -- query by image content (QBIC) ?
  search for distinctive features or search for
  distinctive colors
• Map search search by features
• Design or diagram search finding engine designs
  with pistons smaller than 6 cm
• Sound search Music-information retrieval system
• Video search
• Animation search

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Advanced Filtering and Search Interfaces

• filtering with complex Boolean queries -
  difficulty of use
• automatic filtering - user constructed set of
  keywords to dynamically generated information
• dynamic queries - direct manipulation queries
• faceted metadata search - integrating category
  browsing with keyword searching
• collaborative filtering - each user rates items,
  and then system suggest unread items
• multilingual searches
• visual searches -

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Information Visualization

• How to present and manipulate large amounts of
  information in compact and user-controlled ways
• Information visualization - the use of
  interactive visual representations of abstract
  data to amplify cognition
• Resistance to visual approach - textual tools
  use compact presentations that are rich with
  meaningful information and comfortingly familiar
• visual-information-seeking mantra overview
  first, zoom and filter, then details on demand
• Data type by task taxonomy (TTT) and seven tasks
  (Box 14.2)

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Information Visualization

• 1-D 1inear data
• in a sequential manner textual documents,
  dictionaries, alphabetical list of names
• interface-design issues include what fonts,
  color, size to use, and what overview, scrolling,
  or selection methods to provide for users
• 2-D map data
• maps, floor plans, newspaper layouts
• interface-domain features (size, color, opacity)
• user tasks to find adjacent items, regions
  containing items, paths between items and to
  perform the seven basic tasks

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Information Visualization

• 3-D world data
• Computer-assisted medical imaging, architectural
  drawing, mechanical design, chemical structure
  modeling, and scientific simulations
• users tasks typically deal with continuous
  variables such as temperature or density
• cope with the position and orientation when
  viewing the objects ? potential problems of
  occlusion and navigation ? overviews, landmarks,
  teleoperation, multiple views and TUI
• Multidimensional data
• n attributes in a n-dimensional space
• tasks include finding patterns such as, clusters,
  correlations, gaps and outliers
• three-dimensional scattergram (disorientation and
  occlusion)

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Information Visualization

• Temporal data
• items have a start and finish time, and that
  items may overlap
• finding all events before, after, or during time
  period and the seven basic tasks
• Tree data
• Treemap
• Network data
• shortest or least costly paths connecting two
  items or traversing the entire network

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Information Visualization

• Overview task
• zoom-out views of each data type to see the
  entire collection plus detail view
• movable field-of-view box (zoom factors of 3 to
  30), fisheye strategy
• Zoom task
• to control zoom focus and zoom factor
• Filter task
• sliders, buttons, or other control widgets
  coupled with rapid display update

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Information Visualization

• Details-on-demand task
• simply click on an item to get a pop-up window
  with values of each of the attributes
• Relate task
• proximity, containment, connection, color coding
  highlighting
• History task
• history of actions to support undo, replay, and
  progressive refinement
• Extract task
• extract , save, send by electronic mail, insert,
  publish

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Information Visualization

• Challenges for information visualization
• import data
• combine visual representations with textual
  labels
• see related information
• view large volumes of data
• integrate data mining
• collaborate with others
• achieve universal usability

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