Bone Classification

1
Bone Classification
2
Bone Shapes

• Long bones
• Short bones
• Flat bones
• Irregular bones

3
Bone markings
4
Skeletal System
5
Divisions of the Skeleton

• Axial Skeleton
• Appendicular Skeleton

6
Skeletal SystemAxial skeleton

• Skull mandible 22 bones
• Auditory ossicles 6
• Hyoid 1
• Vertebral column 26
• Ribs 24
• Sternum 1
• TOTAL 80 bones

7
Skeletal SystemAppendicular skeleton

• Pectoral girdle 4 bones
• Upper limb 60
• Pelvic girdle 2
• Lower limb 60
• TOTAL 126
• Axial Appendicular 206 bones

8
The Skull Cranial Bones
9
The Skull Cranial Bones
10
The Skull Facial Bones
11
The Skull Facial Bones
12
The Skull Facial Bones
13
Mandible

• Only moveable bone in the skull
• Body
• Condylar processes articulate with mandibular
  fossa of temporal
• Coronoid processes, attachments of jaw muscles

14
Hyoid Bone
15
Vertebral Column

• 7 cervical
• Atlas
• Axis
• 5 more
• 12 thoracic
• Attached to 12 pair of ribs
• 5 lumbar
• 5 sacral, fused sacrum
• 4 coccygeal, fused coccyx

16
Typical vertebra

• Body
• Vertebral arch
• 7 processes
• Spinous process
• 2 Transverse processes
• 2 Superior articular pr.
• 2 Inferior articular pr.
• Vertebral foramen

17
Vertebrae

• Each vertebra forms joints with vertebra above
  and vertebra below
• Intervertebral discs
• Joints between superior and inferior articular
  processes.

18
Cervical vertebrae

• Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2) are unusual
• Atlas has no body
• Axis has dens

19
Cervical vertebrae

• Small
• Short, forked spinous process
• Transverse foramina
• Why transverse foramina?

20
Cervical vertebrae

• Vertebrae ribs in mammalian ancestor
• Cervical ribs
• Modern mammals retain cervical ribs
• Fused to cervical vertebrae
• Gaps became transverse foramina

21
Thoracic vertebrae

• 12
• Articulate with ribs
• Demifacets
• Facets on transverse processes

22
Lumbar vertebrae

• Largest vertebrae
• Blunt, squared off spinous processes

23
Sacral vertebrae Coccyx
24
Ribs
25
Ribs
26
Ribs Sternum