CIVILIZATION in EASTERN EUROPE:

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CHAPTER 9 CIVILIZATION in EASTERN
EUROPE BYZANTIUM and ORTHODOX EUROPE
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Map ExercisesThe Byzantine Empire

• maps on pages 98,99 197
• 1. What Germanic kingdoms did Justinian destroy?
• 2. What defensive problems would this larger
  empire create?
• 3. If someone seized Egypt, how would it affect
  the empire?

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Byzantine Empire
- eastern Mediterranean - inherited some of
Romes culture - developed own civilization
Emperor Constantine 300s Constantinople Greek
official language (500s)
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Justinian 500s
rebuilt Constantinople classical
Architecture Hagia Sophia
codification of Roman law
tried to reconquer western territory
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After Justinian
defend eastern territories empire centered in
Balkans, western central Turkey blend
Hellenistic culture Christianity
Arabs attack 600s - lose some regions in eastern
Mediterranean - wars permanent Muslim threat
influence culture trade - free rural
population weakened - aristocratic estates grow
bigger - empires fortunes fluctuate
Bulgaria strong rival
close of 10th century - Byzantine emperor
possibly strongest contemporary ruler
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Society Politics
resemble earlier Chinese system
emperor ordained by God elaborate court
ritual head both church state women
occasionally hold the throne
officials trained secularly recruited from all
social classes Hellenistic knowledge
provincial governors appointed spies help
preserve loyalty
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military strong troops recruited locally get land
for service
eventually hereditary military leaders develop
regional power displace aristocrats
empire depends on Constantinople controlling
countryside - socially economically
- bureaucracy regulates trade food prices -
peasants supply food and pay taxes - large urban
class kept appeased by low food prices
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commercial network into Asia, Russia,
Scandinavia, W. Europe Africa
silk production (brought from China) good for
exports
merchant class never develop political power
cultural life centered on Hellenistic secular
traditions Orthodox Christianity - little
artistic creativity - domed buildings, mosaics
painted icons linked to religion
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East-West split
culture, political organization economic
orientation different
different rituals grew from Greek Latin
versions of the Bible
Emperors dont want papal interference
final break in 1054 - arguments over type of
bread used in mass - celibacy of priests
share common classical heritage
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Muslim invaders seize Asian provinces - lose
taxes food
Empire Decline
begins in 1000s
independent states in Balkans
Crusaders sack Constantinople in 1204 - led by
Venetian merchants - Italian cities secure
special trading privileges
smaller empire struggles for 200 years against
western Europeans, Muslims Slavic kingdoms
1453 Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople
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Byzantine influence spreads through Balkans
southern Russia - through conquest, commerce
Christianity
Cyril Methodius 800s - develop Cyrillic for
Slavic languages - base for literacy in eastern
Europe
Languages written with the Cyrillic
alphabet Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Avar, Azeri,
Balkar, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Buryat, Chechen,
Chukchi, Church Slavonic, Chuvash, Dargwa,
Dungan, Even, Evenki, Gagauz, Ingush, Kabardian,
Kalmyk, Kazakh, Komi, Koryak, Kurdish, Kyrghyz,
Laz, Lak, Lezgi, Lingua Franca Nova, Macedonian,
Mari, Moldovan, Mongolian, Nanai, Nenets, Nivkh,
Old Church Slavonic, Ossetian, Russian,
Ruthenian, Serbian, Slovio, Tabassaran, Tajik,
Tatar, Turkmen, Ukrainian, Uyghur, Uzbek, Votic,
Yakut, Yupik
allowed use of local languages in church
service - Roman church didnt
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East Central Borderlands
eastern western missionaries competed in
eastern Europe
Roman Catholics Latin alphabet Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, Poland - region of competition between
churches
regional monarchies develop with powerful,
land-owning aristocracies
Jews come from Middle East western Europe -
barred from land-owning - participated in
commerce - maintained own traditions -
emphasize male education
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Slavs from Asia migrate to Russia eastern
Europe - during Roman empire
Kievan Rus
mix with earlier populations possess iron extend
agriculture to Ukraine western Russia
family tribes villages animistic religion music
oral legends
Scandinavian traders - river based - trade
between Scandinavia Constantinople
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Kiev
1st monarchy 855 Danish merchant
flourish until 1100s prosperous commercial
center formal law code ruled single largest
European state
Vladimir I 980-1015 - convert to Christianity
(Orthodox) - ruler controls church appointments
(Byzantine pattern)
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Institutions culture in Kievan Rus
borrowed from Byzantium
unable to duplicate bureaucracy or education
system
cultural, social economic patterns differ from
western Europe
favor Byzantine ceremonials strong central ruler
peasants were free farmers
aristocratic landlords (boyars) had less
political power than those in west
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Orthodox Christian practices - saints - ornate
churches - icons - monasticism
alsmgiving obligation of wealthy towards poor
literature religious royal events art
dominated by icon painting illuminated
religious manuscripts
church architecture adapted Byzantine themes to
local conditions
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Kievan decline
begins in 12th century
rival princes establish competing governments -
royal quarrel over succession
Asian invaders seize territory - Mongol (Tatar)
invasions in 13th century separate Russia from
western Europe developments
commercial contacts lapse
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Russian Orthodoxy survives - Mongols tolerant -
dont interfere with Russian religious belief or
daily life as long as tribute was paid
Mongol control ends 15th century - Russian
cultural political traditions reemerge -
incorporated Byzantine culture
Russians claim to be successors to the Roman
Byzantine states - third Rome
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Western Eastern Europe develop separately
western ahead in power and sophistication
eastern has trouble with collapse of Byzantium -
Balkans falling to Turks - Poland falling under
western influence
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565
668
780
1025
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1092
1143
1218
1278
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1350
1453
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Map ExercisesThe Byzantine Empire 1000-1100

• maps on pages 98,99 201
• 1. Why are the borders of the empire during this
  period easier to defend than the borders of the
  map on page 197?
• 2. What happened that would reduce the Byzantine
  Empire to a minor power?

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Map ExercisesEast European Kingdoms Slavic
Expansion

• maps on pages 98, 99 205
• 1. Identify the Slavic states on the map
• 2. What peoples probably played a key role in the
  rise of Russia? Why?
• 3. Why did not the Slavs (Russians) control the
  area immediately north of the Black Sea?

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What is the significance of the Byzantine Empire
to the civilization of Europe?

• shaped major version of Christianity
• preserved classical learning
• durable
• spread Christianity
• trade with Scandinavia
• kept Arabs Muslims from invading Europe

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How does Orthodox Christianity differ from Roman
Catholicism?

• Orthodox
• priests marry
• patriarch (not Pope) not as strong
• Greek
• local language ok in services

• Roman Catholicism
• priests celibate
• Pope has all power
• Latin
• Latin only language for services

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Compare contrast the development of
civilization in Eastern Western Europe

• both went north to south
• West Roman Catholicism
• Latin alphabet
• after 1400s stronger
• East Orthodox
• Cyrillic
• before 1400s stronger economically, culturally,
  politically

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What are the reasons for the decline of the
Byzantine Empire?

• Muslim invaders (Turks) seize Asian provinces
  (lose land taxes)
• Independent states in Balkans
• Crusaders sack Constantinople
• Italian merchants grab special trading status
• shift in power between east west
• smaller empire struggles against Europeans,
  Slavs, Muslims

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How did the Byzantine Empire influence the
development of Russia?

• Orthodox religion
• alphabet
• trade
• strong central ruler
• peasants free farmers
• church architecture
• religion dominates
• religious art